DO NOW 2/26 How did Hitler “capture the hearts” of the German people? Give 3 ways in which he appealed to them, paving the way for him to become Chancellor.

Leader = Benito Mussolini “IL DUCE” Fascism in Italy Leader = Benito Mussolini “IL DUCE” Reason for totalitarian gov’t: Italy ignored at Versailles, did not get land they wanted Great Depression crippled Italy and they wanted help Mussolini promised to solve Italy’s problems (Who else made similar promises?)

Mussolini founded the Fascist Party and organized a group called the BLACK SHIRTS and marched to Rome.

Fascism in Italy Fascism: a political movement that emphasized an extreme form of nationalism and power to the state

Benito Mussolini Problems Major Reforms Mussolini and his fascist followers, known as the “Blackshirts” marched on Rome and seized power in Italy in 1922. Mussolini became Il Duce (“The Leader”) and set up an efficient but brutal rule over Italy! Examples of Totalitarianism Problems Major Reforms No criticism of state allowed! “Everything is the state” Forced Italian men to join military, women should have babies Used censorship and propaganda - schools, newspapers, government Secret police, the OVRA Debt, Unemployment, corruption. Peasants lost land and resentment after WWI Fear of communist uprising Developed Fascist party - Extreme sense of nationalism Repaired and built up the roads, bridges, trains Wanted to return Italy to the glory of the Roman Empire

Named for the Roman symbol for power

Fascist governments deny people their individual liberties and are led by dictators.

Leaders of Fascist governments use various ways to create unity and promote spirit: Special salutes Military emblems Holding rallies and parades for the public Terror tactics

New media technology used to spread propaganda Replaces all political institutions with new ones and erases all legal, social, and political traditions Leaders are unpredictable, never allowing the people to feel completely safe New media technology used to spread propaganda

The “Battle” for Births, Land, and Grain Mussolini and his “Blackshirts” march on Rome in 1922 and take over government. The Fascist State Invasion of Ethiopia The “Battle” for Births, Land, and Grain "War is to man what maternity is to a woman. From a philosophical and doctrinal viewpoint, I do not believe in perpetual peace.”

“Mare Nostrum” - Italian Expansion Balcony Speeches “Mare Nostrum” - Italian Expansion Libya - 1923 Greek Islands - 1929 Ethiopia - 1935 Albania - 1939

Mussolini told then-king Victor Emmanuel to make him leader…or else Mussolini told then-king Victor Emmanuel to make him leader…or else! Became “IL DUCE”

Mussolini used the secret police and censorship to maintain his power.

The Capture and Death of Mussolini! After the Allied occupation of southern Italy (1943), the King ordered Mussolini to be arrested. Imprisoned, then liberated by the Germans, Mussolini lived in northern Italy until his capture and execution, on April 28, 1945, along with his mistress, Claretta Petacci, by military forces of the Italian Resistance. Next day, their corpses and those of Mussolini's henchmen were hanged in the Piazzale Loreto, Milan, on public view.

Text “Fascism”

Closure In what way were Hitler and Mussolini’s “styles” similar? Why do you think they got along so well?