EV Battery A Perspective from the OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) April 11 – 12, 2019 J. T. Guerin Director of Energy Management & Charging Systems Faraday Future Waqar Hashim Vehicle Line Executive and VP Program Management Faraday Future

Important Attributes for EV Makers Initial Cost Energy density volumetric or mass based - Range Charge time – Power KW Battery Life / Wear Out Useful life

Industry relationships Trends Bulk of battery production volume shifting from consumer electronics to EVs. Use of scale to reduce cost per cell is the initial step for EV batteries. Shift in technology will be the next step.

Initial Cost EV batteries typically cost 30 to 50% of the total material cost of vehicle Significant initial capital required to set up EV battery manufacturing operations

Manufacturing cost reduction primarily driven by automation and scale. Initial Cost There are significant opportunities to reduce battery cost. Manufacturing cost reduction primarily driven by automation and scale.

Energy Density Volumetric or Mass Based - Range Does Moore’s law also apply to battery energy density?.

Energy Density Volumetric or Mass Based - Range Li-ion pricing and energy density References: The Freedonia Group, Inc. www.freedoniagroup.com Barry Huret, president of battery consulting company Huret Associates Inc. in Yardley, Pa, USA (www.huret.com)

Charge Time – Power KW Range anxiety was one of the greatest barrier to entry on EVs besides cost. Battery Power will continue to increase as consumers demand for greater driving range continues.

Charge Time – Power KW Consumers have many choices to charge their EVs

Battery Life / Wear Out How long will the batteries last? The question that is foremost in most potential electric vehicle purchasers in their decision process to purchase a car.  To alleviate that concern most EV manufacturers offer some type of warranty that guarantees a minimum vehicle range that the vehicle will achieve over course of the time and miles. How to vehicle manufacturers determine what that range can be after 10 years and 150k miles of operation? What about performance after the battery’s life in the vehicle How is it impacted by customer usage?

Li-Ion Cell Aging Mechanisms Source: Birkl. Degradation Diagnostics for lithium ion cells Journal of Power Sources. Volume 341, 15 February 2017

Battery Life Modeling Methods Multi-Physics Based Empirical Cell Calendar Life vs. Open Circuit Voltage vs. Temperature Cell Cycle Life vs. Voltage Operating Window vs. Discharge Rate Vs. Charge Rate vs. Frequency of Fast Charge Source: Smith, K. . Predictive Models of Li-Ion Battery Lifetime IEEE Conf on Reliability Science for Advance Materials and Devices, Sept 2014 General Motors Design Considerations between the Spark EV and Bolt-EV June 2016 Battery Life Verification for the GM eAssist Hybrid System June 2012 Jaguar Land Rover Development of Robust Real World Usage Cases for Electric Vehicles June 2016 BMW Lifetime Simulation of HEV Batteries June 2013 Ford Predicting Validating Battery Life in xEV Applications June 2016 Multiple DOEs 4 to 5+ Parameters Time and Labor Intensive. Models only as good as the data that drives the model Projections are limited the in vehicle warranty period. 8 years/ 100k miles or 10 years / 10 years

Degradation Data Different factors (or combination of factors) cause cells to wear differently. No single degradation curve represents any single customer. Degradation (cycle and calendar life) is aggregated against various customer use profiles Example Customer: Southern California 50 mile round trip commute Level 2 charging at home daily Level 3 charging 1x month

Useful Life Warranty Policy What happens after 10 years/150k miles?

Useful Life Creative secondary and tertiary use streams will create new business opportunities.

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