AS Level Anatomy and Physiology Muscles and Movement

3 types of muscle Cardiac – where found? The Heart Smooth – where found? Skeletal – attaches to and moves the skeleton, it is the only type of muscle under our voluntary control The Heart The walls of hollow organs

Task Using the textbook to help, can you label the diagram on worksheet 2.1. You should also complete the table indicating the joints crossed by each muscle.

Some key terms ORIGIN – point of attachment that remains fixed during muscle contraction. INSERTION – point of attachment that moves towards the origin during muscle contraction.

Agonist / prime mover – muscle directly responsible for the movement at a joint. Antagonist – muscle that has the opposite action to the agonist. Fixator – muscle that stabilises the origin to allow the agonist to work efficiently.

Consider…. Look at the table at the top of page 21 showing muscle function for flexion of the elbow. How would the roles of the muscles change for extension of the elbow? The biceps brachii contracting

Remember…. Muscles cannot push, they can only pull. Muscles are arranged in pairs, so whatever movement one muscle can do, it will have a partner to reverse it. These are called antagonistic muscle pairs.

We will now identify the movements possible at each joint and the muscles involved in each movement….

Wrist Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Flexion Wrist Flexor Wrist Extensor Extension

Wrist Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Flexion Wrist Flexor Wrist Extensor Extension

Radio-ulna Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Pronation Supinator Supination Pronator Teres

Radio-ulna Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Pronation Pronator Teres Supinator Supination

Elbow Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Flexion Extension

Elbow Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Flexion Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii Extension

Shoulder Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Flexion Extension Abduction Anterior Deltoid Posterior Deltoid Extension Abduction Middle Deltoid Adduction Latissimus Dorsi Medial rotation Subscapularis and Teres Major Infraspinaus and Teres Minor Lateral rotation

Shoulder Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Flexion Extension Abduction Anterior Deltoid Posterior Deltoid Extension Abduction Middle Deltoid Latissimus Dorsi Adduction Medial rotation Subscapularis and Teres Major Infraspinaus and Teres Minor Lateral rotation Infraspinaus and Teres Minor Subscapularis and Teres Major

Spine Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Flexion Extension Rectus Abdominis Erector Spinae Group Extension Lateral flexion External Obliques Internal Obliques Rotation

Spine Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Flexion Extension Rectus Abdominis Erector Spinae Group Extension Lateral flexion External Obliques Internal Obliques Rotation

Gluteus Medius and Minimus Hip Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Flexion Iliopsoas Gluteus Maximus Extension Abduction Gluteus Medius and Minimus Adductor Group Adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation

Knee Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Flexion Hamstring Group Quadriceps Group Extension

Gastrocnemius and Soleus Ankle Joint movement Agonist Antagonist Dorsi-flexion Tibialis Anterior Gastrocnemius and Soleus Plantar-flexion

Homework Cut out a picture of a sports performer in action. Identify the movements occurring at each of the major joints and state the joint name, joint type and the agonist and antagonist muscles for those movements.