Grammar In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate, and Praise be to God! Grammar Dr Gehan M. Anwar Deeb Lecturer of English October 6 University

Present Simple Examples: He speaks English. He does not speak English. Does he speak English? I ∕ You ∕ We ∕ They + verb - We play tennis. He ∕ She ∕ It + verb + s∕es - She plays tennis

Present Simple:

1- Facts or Generalizations (True or Untrue) USE of Present Simple: 1- Facts or Generalizations (True or Untrue) Cats like milk. New York is a small city. (It is not important that this fact is untrue.) Our secretary works very hard. I do not agree with you. 2- Repeated Actions To talk about habits, routines or actions that often happen. I play tennis. She always forgets her purse.

4- With Non-Continuous Verbs USE of Present Simple: 3- A timetable or schedule in the near future Public transportation or scheduled events. The train leaves at 6:30. The conference starts at 8 o'clock. 4- With Non-Continuous Verbs She is not here now. He needs help right now. She has her passport.

KEY WORDS of Present Simple: always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually ACTIVE / PASSIVE Once a week, Tom cleans the car. (Active) Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. (Passive)

Typical Mistakes

You are watching TV. Are you watching TV? You are not watching TV. Present Continuous [am/is/are + (Verb + ing)] You are watching TV. Are you watching TV? You are not watching TV.

Present Continuous:

USE of Present Continuous: 1- Actions that are happening now. You are learning English now. "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, etc. 2- Temporary actions in progress now. I am studying to become a doctor. Aren't you teaching at the university now?

3- Near Future or planned future arrangements. Present Continuous: 3- Near Future or planned future arrangements. Mona is flying home tomorrow. Jane is travelling to Florida on 17 May. I am going to the party tonight. Remember: Some verbs are not used in the continuous form but are used in the Simple form. Examples: She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct

Common verbs that are not used in the continuous form: Mental and Emotional States: believe dislike doubt imagine know like love hate prefer realize recognize remember suppose understand Sense appear hear see seem smell sound taste Communication agree astonish deny disagree impress mean please promise satisfy surprise Other States be belong concern consist contain cost depend deserve fit include involve lack matter need owe own possess

Typical Mistakes ACTIVE / PASSIVE KEY WORDS of Present Continuous: at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now Typical Mistakes ACTIVE / PASSIVE Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. Passive

[VERB + ed] or irregular verbs Past Simple [VERB + ed] or irregular verbs I watched the Olympics on TV yesterday. Did you watch the Olympics on TV yesterday? You did not watch the Olympics on TV yesterday. When the final letter is (e), only add (d). (love – loved) After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. (admit – admitted) Final (L) is always doubled in British English not in American English. (travel – travelled) After a consonant, final (y) becomes (i) (but: not after a vowel). (worry - worried but: play – played) Exceptions when adding 'ed':

USE of Past Simple: 1- Finished action at a specific time in the past He visited his uncle last night? 2- A Series of Finished Actions in the past Actions took place one after the other. What a horrible day: first my computer crashed, then our best customer cancelled their order and on my way home my car broke down.

Past Simple: 3- Habits in the Past 4- Past Facts or Generalizations It describes a habit which stopped in the past (the same meaning as "used to“). Add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. I studied French when I was a child. 4- Past Facts or Generalizations People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

KEY WORDS of Past Simple : yesterday, yesterday evening, ago, last …., in 1990, the other day, once. ACTIVE / PASSIVE Tom repaired the car. Active The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

Typical Mistakes

You were studying when she called. Past Continuous [was/were + (Verb + ing)] You were studying when she called.

1- Interrupted Action in the Past. USE of Past Continuous: 1- Interrupted Action in the Past. A longer action in the past was interrupted by a (sudden) shorter action in the Simple Past. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. What were you doing when you broke your leg? While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off. While vs. When I was studying when she came. While I was studying, she came.

Note: Past Continuous: 2- Specific Time in the past as an interruption. At two o’clock, Carla was preparing the contract. Note: In the Past Simple, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. (I started eating at 6 PM. ) Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. (I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.)

Past Continuous: 3- Parallel Actions Actions in the past happening simultaneously over a longer period of time. I was studying while he was making dinner. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. 4- Atmosphere We often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.

Remember: Non-Continuous Verbs KEY WORDS of Past Continuous: It is often used with: when, while, as long as, as, just as, at 6 o’clock yesterday Remember: Non-Continuous Verbs Jane was being at my house when you arrived. (Not Correct ) Jane was at my house when you arrived. (Correct) ACTIVE / PASSIVE The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Passive

Exercise: Answer: What you (do) when the light (go) out an hour ago? I (listen) to the radio when I (hear) the news. Answer: What were you doing when the light went out an hour ago? I was listening to the radio when I heard the news.