Volume 389, Issue 10082, Pages (May 2017)

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Volume 389, Issue 10082, Pages 1907-1918 (May 2017) Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015 Dr Aaron J Cohen, DSc, Prof Michael Brauer, ScD, Richard Burnett, PhD, Prof H Ross Anderson, MD, Joseph Frostad, MPH, Kara Estep, MPA, Prof Kalpana Balakrishnan, PhD, Prof Bert Brunekreef, PhD, Prof Lalit Dandona, MD, Rakhi Dandona, PhD, Prof Valery Feigin, PhD, Greg Freedman, MPH, Bryan Hubbell, PhD, Amelia Jobling, PhD, Prof Haidong Kan, MD, Luke Knibbs, PhD, Yang Liu, PhD, Prof Randall Martin, PhD, Lidia Morawska, PhD, Prof C Arden Pope, PhD, Hwashin Shin, PhD, Kurt Straif, PhD, Prof Gavin Shaddick, PhD, Matthew Thomas, PhD, Rita van Dingenen, PhD, Aaron van Donkelaar, PhD, Prof Theo Vos, PhD, Prof Christopher J L Murray, DPhil, Mohammad H Forouzanfar, PhD The Lancet Volume 389, Issue 10082, Pages 1907-1918 (May 2017) DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6 Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Integrated exposure–response functions Curves show the central estimate of the integrated exposure–response (solid lines) and their 95% uncertainty intervals (shaded areas). The relative risk equals 1 for PM2·5 concentrations of 0–2·4 μg/m3 (ie, lower bound of the theoretical minimum risk exposure level uncertainty distribution). Additional details are provided in the appendix (pp 7–15). PM2·5=particle mass with aerodynamic diameter less than 2·5 μm. The Lancet 2017 389, 1907-1918DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Trends in population-weighted mean concentrations of particle mass with aerodynamic diameter less than 2·5 μm Global data and data from the ten most populous countries are shown. Shaded areas are 95% uncertainty intervals. PM2·5=particle mass with aerodynamic diameter less than 2·5 μm. The Lancet 2017 389, 1907-1918DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Leading level 3 Global Burden of Diseases global risk factors for deaths (A) and disability-adjusted life-years (B), 1990 and 2015 Risks are connected by lines between years; solid lines show risks that have stayed the same or moved higher in the ranking and dashed lines show risks that have moved lower. The Lancet 2017 389, 1907-1918DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Deaths attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution by year and cause PM2·5=particle mass with aerodynamic diameter less than 2·5 μm. The Lancet 2017 389, 1907-1918DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Deaths attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution in 2015 ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia. Isl=Island. LCA=Saint Lucia. TLS=Timor-Leste. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The Lancet 2017 389, 1907-1918DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Changes in mortality attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution according to population-level determinants by country from 1990 to 2015 PM2·5=particle mass with aerodynamic diameter less than 2·5 μm. The Lancet 2017 389, 1907-1918DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Proportion of deaths attributable to ozone (A) in 2015 and percentage change from 1990 (B) ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia. Isl=Island. LCA=Saint Lucia. TLS=Timor-Leste. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The Lancet 2017 389, 1907-1918DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6) Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions