Influence of perioperative anaesthetic and analgesic interventions on oncological outcomes: a narrative review T. Wall, A. Sherwin, D. Ma, D.J. Buggy British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 123, Issue 2, Pages 135-150 (August 2019) DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.04.062 Copyright © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the pathophysiological mechanisms induced by surgery that promote survival and growth of metastatic deposits formed by circulating tumour cells (CTCs) released intraoperatively. COX-2, cyclo-oxygenase-2; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis; IL-6, interleukin 6; MMP, matrix metalloprotease; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NK, natural killer cell; Th2, Type 2 helper T cell; Treg, regulatory T cell; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Created with BioRender. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2019 123, 135-150DOI: (10.1016/j.bja.2019.04.062) Copyright © 2019 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions