Nationalist Revolutions sweep the west 1789-1900 Chapter 8 World History Mr. Hernandez

Latin American peoples win independence Chapter 8, Section 1

Section 1: latin American peoples win independence Colonial Society Divided Social Hierarchy Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain living in Spanish-America, able to hold high offices Creoles – Spaniards born in Latin America, unable to hold high offices but could gain officer status in colonial military Mestizos – people of mixed Spanish and Indian blood Mulattos – people of mixed Spanish and African blood Indigenous People – native Americans, at the bottom of the social ladder

Section 1: latin American peoples win independence Revolutions in the Americas Inspiration drawn from the Revolutions in North America and in France Revolution in Haiti Known then as Saint Domingue, a French colony During the French Revolution, oppressed people rose up against their masters in revolt Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged as a general to take control of the island French forces eventually land and strike a deal with L’Ouverture Later imprison him in the French Alps Jean-Jacques Dessalines finishes Haiti’s declaration of independence

Section 1: latin American peoples win independence Creoles Lead Independence Educated creoles would not support a French king of Spain Bolivar’s Route to Victory Won Independence for Venezuela (1821) Will team with San Martin San Martin Leads Southern Liberation Forces Argentina had declared independence His efforts liberated Chile San Martin and Bolivar Vision Their vision was a Latin American nation similar to the United States called Gran Colombia

Section 1: latin American peoples win independence Mexico Ends Spanish Rule Peoples’ Revolution Hidalgo’s cry for Freedom Grito de Delores > the cry of Delores An army of peasants, Indians, and mestizos were defeated by Spanish forces and creoles Mexico’s Independence A revolution in Spain yielded a new power, which changed creoles’ views in Mexico Creoles sought Mexican independence > the same people who fought against it a decade earlier Mexico declared independence in 1821

Europe Faces Revolution Chapter 8, Section 2

Section 2: Europe faces Revolutions Clash of Philosophies Conservative – usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for protecting traditional monarchies of Europe Liberal – mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They argued to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and landowners would vote Radicals – favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution – liberty, equality, & brotherhood Nationalism Develops Nationalism – the belief that the people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or empire but to nation of people who share a common culture and history Liberals and radicals favored nationalistic views Blurred the lines that separated the three philosophies

Section 2: Europe faces Revolutions Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power The Greeks declare Independence Greece vs. the Ottomans Great support from the Russians, British, French, and the Americans Independence in 1830 France > Still Trying to get it Right Charles X attempts to establish absolute monarchy, but is run off Louis-Philippe takes over but eventually falls from power French still can’t get it together, but establish a presidency Louis-Napoleon becomes president, then emperor The French people wanted peace and stability True leadership under Louis-Napoleon

Section 2: Europe faces Revolutions Reform in Russia Still stuck the Dark Ages Feudal-like social class and sluggish economy Defeat Brings Change Loss in the Crimean War due to lack of technology and progress Alexander II brought Russia toward modernization through reforms Freed serfs > but they were still tied to land of nobles

Nationalism Chapter 8, Section 3

Section 3: Nationalism Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity People use nationalism to build nation-states Authoritarians use nationalism to unify masses of people Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires The Break up of the Austrian Empire Defeat in the Austro-Prussian War saw Austria lose substantial land and power Nationalism forces Emperor Francis Joseph to recognize Austria and Hungary as two separate nation-states but claims rule over both of them Forms Austria-Hungary > his reign continues to weaken

Section 3: Nationalism The Russian Empire Crumbles Nationalism helps to break up the empire of the czars Ruled over a wide variety of ethnic groups under the empire Russification > imposing Russian culture on all of their subjects Push back from these groups and the strain of the Great War allowed for the communists to gain control in the early 1900s The Ottoman Empire Weakens Like Russia the Ottoman Empire ruled over many ethnic groups Push from western Europe urged the Ottomans to grant equal citizenship to all under their rule Conservative Turks were furious at the this Radical change In response to Armenian nationalism, they massacred/deported 1000s Ottoman Empire break apart after the Great War

Section 3: Nationalism Cavour Unites Italy Italian was a segmented peninsula of nation-states Cavour Leads Italian Unification Sardinian king names Count Camillo di Cavour as prime minister With French aid, Cavour takes northern Italy from Austria Garibaldi Brings Unity Rebel soldier, Giuseppe Garibaldi, leads Italian nationalist army to capture Sicily Became the leader of southern Italy but willingly allowed the Sardinian king rule all of the peninsula Later Italy gains Venetia and the Papal States, which allows Rome to become its capital

Section 3: Nationalism Bismarck Unites Germany German Confederation made up of many smaller German states Prussia ready to unify them all Prussia Leads German Unification Prussia almost exclusively German in ethnicity, which encourage nationalism Bismarck Takes Control Wilhelm I wants money from Parliament but is refused Turns to Junkers, a faction of conservatives, and names Otto von Bismarck his PM Realpolitik – “the politics of reality” that describes tough power politics with no idealism Ruled without the consent of the parliament Quick victories over Denmark inspired national pride and increase support from Germans Allied with Austria

Section 3: Nationalism Seven Weeks’ War The Franco-Prussian War Bismarck breaks alliance with Austria and provokes them into a border war Takes northern Germany and eastern and western Prussia were united The Franco-Prussian War Northern Prussia was Protestant, while southern regions were Catholic Bismarck sought a common enemy to unite all Germans Created impression that French ambassador insulted Prussian King French declare war Prussian dispatches France War victory inspires Prussian nationalism Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser (emperor), and rules over the Second Reich Power Shift From five great powers > Britain, Prussia, France, Austria, Russia New powers > Germany and Britain

Revolution in Arts Chapter 8, Section 4

Section 4: Revolution in arts The Romantic Movement Romanticism – reflected deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual The Ideas of Romanticism Emphasized inner feelings, emotions and imagination Focus on the mysterious, the supernatural, and the exotic, grotesque Love the beauties of untamed nature Idealized the past as a simpler and nobler time Glorified heroes and heroic actions Cherished fold traditions, songs and stories Valued the common people and the individual Promoted radical changes and democracy

Section 4: Revolution in arts Realism Showed life how it was, not how it should be Impressionism Artist showed an impression of a or a moment in time