18-15 Pyramid of the Niches, Classic Veracruz, El Tajin, Mexico, sixth century CE.

Figure 18-16 Aerial view (looking southwest) of the Castillo, Maya, Chichén Itzá, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE.

18-17 Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800-900 CE. Stone, 4’ 10” high. Museo Nacional de Anthropologia, Mexico City.

18-18 Aerial view (looking south) of the Caracol, Maya, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800-900 CE.

18.3 The Post Classic Period Examine the decline of the Classic Maya civilization and the rise of the Toltecs. Understand the changes in art and architecture in the Post Classic period.

Toltec and Maya-Toltec Art Examine the decline of the Classic Maya civilization and the rise of the Toltecs. Understand the changes in art and architecture in the Post Classic period.

Figure 18-19 Colossal atlantids, Pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca Figure 18-19 Colossal atlantids, Pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 CE. Stone, 16’ high.

Figure 18-20 Pendant in the form of a bat-faced man, Tairona, from northeastern Colombia, after 1000 CE. Gold, 5 1/4” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (Jan Mitchell and Sons Collection).

Figure 18-21 Raimondi Stele, Chavín, from main temple, Chavín de Huántar, Peru, ca.800–200 BCE. Incised green diorite, 6’ high. Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Lima, Peru.

Figure 18-22 Embroidered funerary mantle, Paracas, from the southern coast of Peru, first century CE. Plain weave camelid fiber with stem-stitch embroidery of camelid wool, 4’ 7 7/8” X 7’ 10 7/8”. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (William A. Paine Fund).

Figure 18-23 Bridge-spouted vessel with flying figures, Nasca, from Nasca River valley, Peru, ca. 50–200 CE. Painted ceramic, approx. 5 1/2” high. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago (Kate S. Buckingham Endowment).

18.4 South American Early Cultures Identify the various pre-Inka cultures in South America, their chronology and characteristic art and architecture forms. Examine the particular linear quality of Nazca pottery and earth drawings. Examine the art materials and methods used such as in weaving, pottery and metal work.

The Paracas and Nazca Cultures Examine the purpose and style of weaving of the Paracas cultures. Examine the particular linear quality of Nazca pottery and earth drawings.

Figure 18-24 Hummingbird, Nasca, Nasca Plain, Peru, ca. 500 CE Figure 18-24 Hummingbird, Nasca, Nasca Plain, Peru, ca. 500 CE. Dark layer of pebbles scraped aside to reveal lighter clay and calcite beneath.

Andean Art Objects Understand the imagery and style, materials and methods used in Andean weaving. Examine the sculptural quality in the distinctive pottery of the Moche. Compare the art of the Moche with other South American cultures.

Figure 18-25 Vessel in the shape of a portrait head, Moche, from northern coast of Peru, fifth to sixth century CE. Painted clay, 1’ 1/2” high. Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera, Lima.

Figure 18-26 Ear ornament, Moche, from a tomb at Sipán, Peru, ca Figure 18-26 Ear ornament, Moche, from a tomb at Sipán, Peru, ca. 300 CE. Gold and turquoise, approx. 4 4/5”. Bruning Archeological Museum, Lambayeque.

Figure 18-27 Gateway of the Sun, Tiwanaku, Bolivia, ca. 375–700 CE Figure 18-27 Gateway of the Sun, Tiwanaku, Bolivia, ca. 375–700 CE. Stone, 9’ 10” high.

Figure 18-29 Burial mask, Ipiutak, from Point Hope, Alaska, ca. 100 CE Figure 18-29 Burial mask, Ipiutak, from Point Hope, Alaska, ca. 100 CE. Ivory, greatest width 9 1/2”. American Museum of Natural History, New York.

18.5 North American Eskimo, Midwest, and Southwestern Art Identify the early native North American cultures, their distinctive art forms, materials, and subject matter. Examine the unique pottery and painted designs of the American Southwest cultures. Explore the purposes and mythology of the pre-Puebloan Anasazi and the complex structures the built.

Native North American Art Examine the artistic objects and themes of the Adena and Mississippian cultures.

Figure 18-30 Pipe, Adena, from a mound in Ohio, ca. 500–1 BCE Figure 18-30 Pipe, Adena, from a mound in Ohio, ca. 500–1 BCE. Stone, 8” high. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.

Figure 18-31 Serpent Mound, Mississippian, Ohio, ca. 1070 CE Figure 18-31 Serpent Mound, Mississippian, Ohio, ca. 1070 CE. 1,200’ long, 20’ wide, 5’ high.

18-30A Monk’s Mound (looking northwest), Mississippian, Cahokia (East St. Louis), Illinois, ca. 1050–1200.

Figure 18-32 Incised gorget with running warrior, Mississippian, from Sumner County, Tennessee, ca. 1250–1300 CE. Shell 4” wide. National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Figure 18-33 Bowl with two cranes and geometric forms, Mimbres, from New Mexico, ca. 1250 CE. Ceramic, black-on-white, 1’ 1/2” diameter. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago (Hugh L. and Mary T. Adams Fund).

Figure 18-34 Cliff Palace, Ancestral Puebloan, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, ca. 1150–1300 CE.

18-33A Pueblo Bonito, Ancestral Puebloan, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, mid-9th to mid-11th centuries.

Discussion Questions What stylistic qualities do you see as a common thread in Mesoamerican art? How is the architecture of the Mesoamerican pyramid-plaza complexes similar? What was the function of fine textiles and pottery in the Andean cultures? What do you speculate are the purposes of the South American Nasca drawings and the Serpent Mounds of North America? Could they share a common and general ideology? Many people collect Native American art today. To what factors do you attribute this popularity?