Roman Art Roman Forum 4th century BCE – 5th century CE Rome, Italy The forum was the center of Rome, like the agora in Athens All major businesses, temples, courts and offices were located here

[Image 4.6] The Roman Forum 4.7 Ruins of the Roman Forum, Rome, Italy. (© Richard T. Nowitz/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Roman Art- Imperial Forum Plans Roman Imperial Forums 1st century BCE – 3rd century CE Rome, Italy The Imperial Forums were all placed closely together There were 5 in total 1) Roman Forum; 2) Caesar’s Forum; 3) Augustus’ Forum; 4) Trajan’s Forum and 5) Nerva’s Forum of Peace

Pax Romana and Augustus Understand the nature of sculpture in the Roman Empire under Augustus.

Figure 7-27 Portrait of Augustus as general, from Primaporta, Italy, early-first-century CE copy of a bronze original of ca. 20 BCE. Marble, 6’ 8” high. Musei Vaticani, Rome.

Head of Caesar Augustus Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli, AbD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights. Head of Caesar Augustus ca. 100 C.E. marble with traces of polychrome

Figure 7-28 Portrait bust of Livia, from Arsinoe, Egypt, early first century CE. Marble, 1’ 1 1/2” high. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.

Figure 7-29 Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace looking northeast), Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE.

Figure 7-30 Female personification (Tellus Figure 7-30 Female personification (Tellus?), panel from the east facade of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE. Marble, 5’ 3” high.

Figure 7-31 Procession of the imperial family, detail of the south frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE. Marble, 5’ 3” high.

Figure 7-32 Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, ca. 1–10 CE.

Maison Carée Nimes, France ca. 1-10 C.E. Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli, AbD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights. Maison Carée Nimes, France ca. 1-10 C.E.

Figure 7-33 Pont-du-Gard, Nîmes, France, ca. 16 BCE.

Pont-du-Gard Nimes, France ca. 16 B.C.E. Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli, AbD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights. Pont-du-Gard Nimes, France ca. 16 B.C.E.

Figure 7-34 Porta Maggiore, Rome, Italy, ca. 50 CE.

Figure 7-35 SEVERUS and CELER, section (left) and plan (right) of the octagonal hall of the Domus Aurea (Golden House) of Nero, Rome, Italy, 64–68 CE.

Domus Aureus

Figure 7-36 Aerial view of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70–80 CE.

Colosseum Rome, Italy ca. 70-80 C.E. Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli, AbD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights. Colosseum Rome, Italy ca. 70-80 C.E.

7-37 Detail of the façade of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), Rome, Italy, ca. 70-80 CE.

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)

Figure 7-38 Portrait of Vespasian, ca. 75–79 CE. Marble, 1’ 4” high Figure 7-38 Portrait of Vespasian, ca. 75–79 CE. Marble, 1’ 4” high. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.

Figure 7-39 Portrait bust of a Flavian woman, from Rome, Italy, ca Figure 7-39 Portrait bust of a Flavian woman, from Rome, Italy, ca. 90 CE. Marble, 2’ 1” high. Museo Capitolino, Rome.

Figure 7-40 Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE.

7-40A Apotheosis of Titus, after 81 CE

Figure 7-41 Spoils of Jerusalem, relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, 7’ 10” high.

Figure 7-42 Triumph of Titus, relief panel from the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. Marble, 7’ 10” high.

7.3 High Empire ( 96 – 192 A.D.) Understand the political nature of Roman art and architecture, especially as it communicates ideas of power for the emperor and empire. Examine the architectural development of the Roman forum, the markets, the triumphal arches and, in particular, the Pantheon. Examine Roman portrait, memorial and funerary sculpture as it developed in the high Empire in Rome and in the colonies. Understand the influences on Roman ‘mummy’ painting. 

Art under Trajan in Spain, Africa, Italy Understand the political nature of Roman art and architecture, especially as it communicates ideas of power for the emperor and empire. Examine artistic development and formal changes, especially issues of space and narration in the Column of Trajan.

Roman Empire at Greatest Extent

Figure 7-44B Arch of Trajan, Benevento, Italy, ca. 114–118 CE.

Figure 7-43 Satellite view of Timgad (Thamugadi), Algeria, founded 100 CE.

Timgad, Algeria

7-44A Funerary relief of an official in the Circus Maximus, Rome, from Ostia, Italy, ca. 110–130 CE. Marble, 1’ 8” high. Musei Vaticani, Rome.

1 3 2 4 3 5 6 Figure 7-44 APOLLODORUS OF DAMASCUS, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE. (James E. Packer and John Burge). 1) Temple of Trajan, 2) Column of Trajan, 3) libraries, 4) Basilica Ulpia, 5) forum, 6) equestrian statue of Trajan.

Figure 7-46 APOLLODORUS OF DAMASCUS, aerial view of the Markets of Trajan, Rome, Italy, ca. 100–112 CE.

Figure 7-47 APOLLODORUS OF DAMASCUS, interior of the great hall, Markets of Trajan, Rome, Italy, ca. 100–112 CE.

Figure 7-45 Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE.

7-1 Detail of three bands of the spiral frieze of the Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 CE.

7-48 Portrait bust of Hadrian, from Rome, ca. 117-120 CE 7-48 Portrait bust of Hadrian, from Rome, ca. 117-120 CE. Marble, 1’ 4¾” high. Museo Nazionale Romano-Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome.

7-48A Lion hunt and sacrifice to Diana, tondi from a lost monument of ca. 130–138 CE reused on the Arch of Constantine (FIG. 10-75), Rome, Italy, 312–315. Marble, tondi 6’ 6” diameter.

Architecture of the High Empire Examine the architectural development of the Roman forum, the markets, the triumphal arches and, in particular, the Pantheon. Explore the luxuries of Hadrian

Figure 7-49 Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118 – 125 CE.

Figure 7-50 Restored cutaway view (left) and lateral section (right) of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118–125 CE.

Pantheon Rome, Italy ca. 118-125 C.E. Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli, AbD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights. Pantheon Rome, Italy ca. 118-125 C.E.

Pantheon Rome, Italy ca. 118-125 C.E. Slide concept by Anthony F. D'Ascoli, AbD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights. Pantheon Rome, Italy ca. 118-125 C.E.

Figure 7-52 Canopus and Serapeum, Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy, ca Figure 7-52 Canopus and Serapeum, Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy, ca. 125–128 CE.

Figure 7-53 Al-Khazneh (“Treasury”), Petra, Jordan, second century CE.

Figure 7-54 Model of an insula, Ostia, Italy, second century CE Figure 7-54 Model of an insula, Ostia, Italy, second century CE. Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome.

Ostia - apartment