The Birth of Democracy The Age of Jackson

Era of Good Feelings Period after the War of 1812 No second party so Democratic-Republicans emulate Federalist policy Growth of Nationalism Uniquely American literature and art Judicial nationalism The American System Emerging sectionalism over tariffs and other issues

John Marshall Chief Justice of Supreme Court (1801-1835) Marbury v. Madison McCulloch v. Maryland Fletcher v. Peck Gibbons v. Ogden Erosion of states rights Aids northern industrial businesses Enforces a nation-centered federalism

Birth of Democratic Politics Democracy frowned upon by Federalists Fragmentation of Democratic - Republican party after 1824 Result of the Market Revolution’s changes Expansion of suffrage for “wage earners” Changes to voting systems Creation of a professional, two-party system Politicians now have to appeal to the masses need to appear humble and “common”

FIGURE 11.1 Race Exclusions for Suffrage: 1790–1855 This graph shows clearly that as more states entered the Union, laws excluding African American men from voting increased. SOURCE:Alexander Keyssar,The Right to Vote (New York:Basic Books,2000)p.56.

Pre–Civil War Voter Turnout The turnout of voters in presidential elections more than doubled from 1824 to 1828, the year Andrew Jackson was first elected. Turnout surged to 80 percent in 1840, the year the Whigs triumphed. The extension of suffrage to all white men, and heated competition between two political parties with nationwide membership, turned presidential election campaigns into events with great popular appeal.

This well-known painting by George Caleb Bingham, Stump Speaking, shows a group of men (and boys, and dogs) of all social classes brought together by their common interest in politics. SOURCE:George Caleb Bingham (American 1811 –79),Stump Speaking ,1853 –54 Oil on canvas,42 1 /2 x 58 in.The Saint Louis Art Museum,gift of Bank of America.Photo © The Saint Louis Art Museum..

The Burgeoning of Newspapers Newspapers have a long history in the United States. Even before the American Revolution, the colonies boasted 37 newspapers (see Chapter 6), and within little more than a decade, that number had nearly tripled. Toward the end of the century, however, the number of newspapers expanded rapidly, by 1835 numbering more than 30 times that of 1775.

The Missouri Compromise Petition for statehood in 1819, bill passed in 1821

Monroe Doctrine New Nationalism in foreign policy Response to Latin American independence JQ Adams, Monroe’s Secretary of State, drafts doctrine Generally ignored by Europe, but forms the backbone of US foreign policy

Election of 1824

Democratic Party Self-regulating economy Fear growing gap in social classes Non-producers using government to increase wealth Disadvantages for “producing classes” Limited government and more states rights

Election of 1828 Voter turn-out doubled

Whig Party Formed by supporters for Adams and Clay before election of 1832 Afraid of Jackson’s “power grab” for executive control United behind American System Strong federal government Promote prosperity in all classes Impose morality on the people

The Two-Party System Both parties gained broad-based support and suppressed sectionalism