AP US History Michael Perreault Gloucester High School Urbanization Ch. 25 AP US History Michael Perreault Gloucester High School

New v. Old Immigrants •Post 1880 •From Baltic Peninsula, Italy and Slavic Region (Eastern Europe) •Illiterate and Uneducated •Peasants and subjects of monarchies •CATHOLIC •Pre 1880 •From British Isles, Germany and Scandinavia •Literate and Educated •Used to representative government •PROTESTANT

What Changed? •Europe was becoming overcrowded •High unemployment because machine power was replacing manpower •Older immigrants wrote home calling the USA the land of opportunity (“America Fever) (catch it), where people eat everyday •Business recruiters went to poor areas and recruited workers as cheap labor Opportunity to make money then return home

The Urban Frontier From 1870-1900, the population of American cities had tripled. By 1890, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia all had populations greater than 1 million. Louis Sullivan contributed to the development of the skyscraper. City limits were extended outward by electric trolleys. Attracted by electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones. Trash became a large problem in cities due to throwaway bottles, boxes, bags, and cans.

Parties and Social Reformers Reach Out The federal government did little to help immigrants assimilate into American society. Community "bosses" took care of immigrants by providing jobs, housing, schools, parks, and hospitals. In return, immigrants voted for these bosses. Americans gradually became aware of the troubles of cities. Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden were Protestant clergymen who sought to apply the lessons of Christianity to the slums and factories.

Social Gospel Movement Salvation through service to the poor Settlement House: located in a poor areas, would take care of the local community, providing services like healthcare and daycare; Jane Addams established Hull House, the most prominent settlement house. Addams condemned war and poverty. Hull House offered instruction in English, help with American big-city life, childcare services for working mothers, and cultural activities for neighborhood residents.

“Women’s Work” Settlement houses became centers of women's activism and of social reform. Lillian Wald established Henry Street Settlement in New York in 1893. Florence Kelley was a lifelong supporter for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. Addams, Wald, and Kelley paved the way for future women to enter the profession of social work.

Nativism Antiforeignism, or nativism, arose in the 1880s. Nativists worried that the original Anglo-Saxon population would soon be outnumbered and outvoted, and they blamed immigrants for societal problems and taking their jobs. 1887 the American Protective Association (APA) was created as an anti-foreigner organization and it urged people to vote against Roman Catholic candidates for office. Americans pushed for congress to close the door on immigrants

Looking Backward 1893

Closing the “Golden Door” 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act, Congress barred the Chinese from immigrating to the United States. 1885, Congress banned the importation of foreign workers under contract; they were usually contracted for substandard wages. 1906, Gentleman's Agreement, bans most Japanese immigration 1917, Literacy tests began.

The New Colossus Poem on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty Written by Emma Lazarus, reads in part: “Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”

Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Protestant churches suffered from people moving to the cities. Dwight Lyman Moody, a Protestant evangelist, preached about kindness and forgiveness. He contributed to adapting the old-time religion to the facts of city life. The Moody Bible Institute was founded in Chicago in 1889 to carry out his work. Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were gaining enormous strength from the New Immigration.

cont. By 1890, there were over 150 religious denominations in the United States. The Church of Christ, Scientist was founded in 1879 by Mary Baker Eddy, who preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness. Prayer not medicine. With more churches came more competition for membership which means money in the collection plate

Education Becomes More Available Public education and tax-supported elementary and high schools gained support. Teacher-training schools, called "normal schools", experienced great expansion after the Civil War. Catholic parochial schools, which were becoming a major part of the nation's educational structure. Public schools excluded millions of adults. Crowded cities generally provided better educational facilities than the old one-room rural schoolhouses.

Education for Black People The South lagged far behind other regions in public education. African-Americans suffered the most. The leading champion of black education was ex-slave Booker T. Washington. He taught in 1881 at the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama. His self-help approach to solving the nation's racial problems was labeled "accommodationist" because it did not directly challenge white supremacy. Washington avoided the issue of social equality, focusing on economic equality.

Opposition Within the Community George Washington Carver taught and researched at Tuskegee Institute in 1896. He became an internationally famous agricultural chemist. Black leaders, including Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois, attacked Booker T. Washington because Washington condemned the black race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority. Du Bois helped to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Niagara Movement (all black people should get college degrees)

The Hallowed Halls of Ivy Female and black colleges arose after the Civil War. The Morrill Act of 1862 granted public lands to the states to support education. (MIT) 1887 Hatch Act extended the Morrill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges. Millionaires and tycoons donated generously to the educational system. Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, had the nation's first high-grade graduate school.

The Appeal of the Press The Library of Congress was founded in 1897. Printing of newspapers was increased by the invention of the Linotype in 1885. Joseph Pulitzer was a leader in the techniques of news sensationalism (yellow journalism). William Randolph Hearst built up a chain of newspapers, starting with the San Francisco Examiner in 1887. The Associated Press, founded in the 1840s, was gaining strength and wealth.

Apostles of Reform Literacy led to more awareness of social problems 1865 Nation, magazine pushed for civil-service reform, honesty in government, and a moderate tariff. Henry George wrote the book Progress and Poverty in 1879, which addressed the association of progress with poverty. He proposed a 100 percent tax on profits due to increased land value. Edward Bellamy wrote the socialistic novel, Looking Backward. The book portrayed a time in the future when big businesses are nationalized to serve the public interest.

Families and Women in Cities Late 1800s, divorce increased and family sizes decreased. Women became more independent in the urban environment. Feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy.

Suffrage Movement Reborn 1890, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was founded. The re-born suffrage movement and other women's organization excluded black women. Ida B. Wells helped launch the black women's club movement, which led to the establishment of the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.

Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting Reform Liquor consumption increased during the late 1800s. 1869 The National Prohibition Party was created. 1874 The Woman's Christian Temperance Union was created The Anti-Saloon League convinced states to ban the sale of alcohol. 1919, the 18th Amendment banned alcohol in America.

Realism Coarse human comedy and drama of the world William Dean Howells wrote about ordinary people and contemporary social themes. He was the "father of American realism." Mark Twain was a journalist, humorist, satirist, and opponent of social injustice. Henry James wrote about the confrontation of innocent Americans with Europeans. His novels frequently included women as the central characters. He was a master of psychological realism.

Naturalism: Applied detached scientific objectivity to the study of human beings Stephen Crane wrote about the unpleasant side of life in urban, industrial America. Jack London was a famous nature writer who wrote about man’s disconnection to nature Theodore Dreiser wrote with disregard for prevailing moral standards.

Regionalism Wrote about local ways of life before industrialization 1899, feminist Kate Chopin wrote about adultery, suicide, and women's ambitions in The Awakening. Bret Harte was an author of the West, writing of California gold-rush stories. Black writer Paul Laurence Dunbar embraced the use of black dialect and folklore to discuss southern black culture.

Music and portrait painting increased in popularity. The phonograph, invented by Thomas Edison, enabled the reproduction of music by mechanical means.

The Business of Amusement The circus emerged in the 1880s. P.T. Barnum “There’s a sucker born every minute.” Baseball was also emerging as the national pastime, and a professional league was created in the 1870s. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith.