Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link Many different carriers and carrier networks Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILEC) - AT&T, Verizon, Centurylink Landline networks – default carrier in area Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLEC) – Vayo, Nuvera, Masergy, Allstream Own backbone networks and connect to customers via ILEC “last mile” Mobile Carriers/Networks – Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile Landline facilities connect base stations and mobile switching centers Cable Operators – Comcast, Cox, Charter Fiber and coax network to provide video, voice, data (triple play) Connect to other carriers networks with backbone fiber connections Application providers – Google, Apple, Amazon, Vonage Data centers – do not own networks (Google fiber limited network in areas) All these networks need to connect to each other to pass voice and data traffic

Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link ILEC – landline network connections

Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link Mobile Carrier Network

Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link Mobile Carrier Connection to Other Mobile Carrier

Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link Cable Network Access

Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link Internet – network of networks IXP – Internet Exchange Point or “Peering Point”

Chapter 2 – Networks and how they link Carrier’s set of networks model