To Know From Sanderson et al. (2016) Male- vs. Female-Athletes’ likelihood of reporting concussions Males’ reasons: Perceived lack of resources & severity; norm conformity 2 aspects of the sport culture’s norms for men (i.e., pain principle & allegiance) Role of muting, hegemonic group, etc.

Muted Groups Theory (MGT) Critical theory MGT questions status quo & provides solut’s Originators: Edwin & Shirley Ardener (1975) Grps at top of social hierarchy determine comm. system Women's experiences studied by talking to men Process of muting: Dominant grp’s lang.  result of worldview/exper’s Muted grp must translate into dominant grp’s lang. Articulations of muted grp broken, less clear

Sexism is Awesome! 1. Gender-based differences in M & W M & W perceive 2. Male dominance (e.g., politics) of perception dominant W’s exper’s 3. Women’s To participate in society, W transform models to M system of expression necess. for recognition

Makeup of Muted Groups Most research focuses on Fs as muted grp But application to Sex vs. Gender

Silencing/Muting Ridicule - Ritual - Control - Harassment -

Strategies of Resistance Strategies to change status quo: strategies of silencing , , & “trivial” discourse more representative language

Critical Strengths of MGT about biases in our lang. system

Criticisms of MGT Relies on essentialism (i.e., saying all M are one way) Exaggerates W’s mutedness and Not too many studies use MGT as a framework Assumptions not empirically validated