The Missouri Compromise Deadlock in Washington broken by three compromises Maine free state and Missouri slave state Balance to be maintained for 15 years Slavery banned above 36o30’ southern boundary of Missouri Lasted 34 years, preserving the union and allowed for further maturity of the nation Between the Panic and Compromise, Era of Good Feelings should have ended, but Monroe swept into office “losing” one electoral vote

John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism McCullough v. Maryland States can’t tax federal government Cohens v. Virginia Supreme Court can review all state court decisions involving the powers of federal government Gibbons v. Ogden Federal government controls interstate trade Established loose construction tradition in interpreting Constitution

Decisions to Protect Against Democratic Excesses Fletcher v. Peck The supreme Court invalidated state laws conflicting with the federal Constitution Dartmouth College v. Woodward Constitution protected contracts against state encroachment/protects business enterprises from domination by state governments

John Marshall’s Influence Helped create a stables uniform environment for business Checked the excesses of popularly elected state legislatures Shaped the Constitution along conservative, centralizing lines Through him, the Hamiltonians shaped the nation, Federal power over states

Expanding the Borders Anglo-American Convention permits shared fishing with Canada off coast of Newfoundland, settles the Northern Boundary along the 49th parallel, provides for joint occupation of Oregon territory with Great Britain Spanish Florida: When South America forced Spain to remove troops it opened it up for US intervention. Andrew Jackson exceeded his mandate taking advantage of Indians, not popular with Monroe’s cabinet Adams-Onis Treaty: Spain agreed to trade Florida and any claim to Oregon in exchange for US abandonment of Texas

Menace of Monarchy Autocrats in Europe wanted a world safe from democracy and smothered embers of rebellion in Spain and Italy alarming Americans If Europeans interfered in the New World Republicanism would suffer irreparable harm, and the physical security of the nation could be endangered Russia extended its jurisdiction of Alaska 100 miles out in the open sea and had trading posts as far south as San Francisco Americans feared Russia might have the opportunity to cut California off from the rest of the nation

Monroe Doctrine 1823 In his annual message to Congress Monroe issued a stern warning to the European powers He warned Russia that the age of colonization had ended and the other European powers against intervention in the South European powers were deeply offended Russo-American Treaty 1824 settled Alaska’s southern border at 54o40’ The doctrine kept Europe from gaining a foothold, though not a law, it was an expression of nationalism after the War of 1812