Volume 22, Issue 8, Pages 1002-1007 (August 2015) Thiopeptide Antibiotics Exhibit a Dual Mode of Action against Intracellular Pathogens by Affecting Both Host and Microbe  Qingfei Zheng, Qinglan Wang, Shoufeng Wang, Jiequn Wu, Qian Gao, Wen Liu  Chemistry & Biology  Volume 22, Issue 8, Pages 1002-1007 (August 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.019 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 1002-1007DOI: (10. 1016/j. chembiol. 2015 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 TSR and Its Derivatives 6′-Fluoro-TSR, 5′-Fluoro-TSR, and 12′-Methyl-TSR Vary in QA Substitution Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 1002-1007DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.019) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Measurement of In Vivo Anti-infective Activities of Drugs (A) M. marinum-infected zebrafish larvae (n = 10) in the presence of each test drug (3 μM). Left: Fluorescence intensity of GFPmut3-expressing bacteria in larvae 5 days after treatment (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001; error bars represent the standard deviation). Right: larval survival during the treatment period. (B) M. marinum-infected zebrafish adults (n = 20) treated once with each test drug (10 μl of 5 μM). Left: Pathological section of the infected area of randomly selected adults 10 days after treatment. The arrow indicates the existing or obliterated bacterial burden (red). Scale bar, 100 μm. Right: Adult survival during the treatment period. Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 1002-1007DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.019) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Mechanistic Characterization of TSR-Induced Host Autophagy (A) Conversion of LC3-I into LC3-II in the M. marinum-infected and uninfected zebrafish larvae in the presence of each test drug (3 μM). (B and C) P-PERK production, eIF2α phosphorylation, and LC3 conversion in the infected or uninfected RAW 264.7 cell line treated with each drug (1 μM). (D) Reactive oxygen species generation in the infected and uninfected RAW 264.7 cell lines. The error bars represent the standard deviation from three different experiments. DCF, dichlorofluorescein; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity. Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 1002-1007DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.019) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Drug-Induced Autophagy Activation and Associated Pathogen Elimination (A) Imaging of cytolysosome formation (red spots) and their co-localization with bacteria parasitized phagosome (yellow spots) in RAW 264.7 cells infected with M. marinum (green), in the absence of drug or in the presence of isoniazid, rapamycin, TSR, or 12′-methyl-TSR. Scale bar, 25 μm. (B) Calculation of pathogen colony-forming units (CFU). The error bars represent the standard deviation from three different experiments. Chemistry & Biology 2015 22, 1002-1007DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.019) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions