One of the fastest growing segments of the animal industry The Poultry Industry One of the fastest growing segments of the animal industry

Modern Breed of chickens Single Comb White leghorn

Modern Breed of chickens Single Rhode Island Red

Modern Breed of chickens New Hampshire

Modern Breed of chickens White Plymouth Rock

Modern Breed of chickens Cornish

Modern Breed of chickens Barred Plymouth Rock

Modern Breed of chickens Light Sussex

Modern Breed of chickens White leg horn

Poultry Broiler Layer

Poultry Desi Breed Desi Breed

Chicken Anatomy

Chicken Digestive system

Chicken Respiratory system

Chicken Respiratory system The respiratory cycle of birds consists of two inhalations and two exhalations. During the first inhalation, air passes from the nares, through the larynx and trachea, into the caudal air sacs (abdominal air sacs). From here, air is pushed into the lungs during the second exhalation. In the lungs, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged at the junction of air and blood capillaries. Unlike mammals, birds do not have alveoli-air capillaries formed from the branching of bronchi and bronchioles are the avian functional equivalent to alveoli. Following gas exchange in the lungs, oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide-rich air is drawn into the cranial air sacs (cervicocephalic, clavicular and thoracic air sacs) during the second inhalation. The second exhalation then pushes air from the cranial air sacs through the syrinx, into the trachea, and finally through the nasal cavity and out to the environment through the nostrils. Because birds have air sacs that reach into some bones (the clavicular air sacs extend into the humerus and the cranial abdominal air sacs extend into the femur), and have no diaphragm, it is possible for respiratory infections to spread into the abdominal cavity and bones.

The Broiler Industry Today, almost all of the poultry is raised in large operations The term broiler refers to chickens which are about 7-8 weeks of age and are raised for meat. Generally lighted 24 hours a day Helps cut down on cannibalism Process begins with the production of eggs that will be hatched into chicks. Parents are selected from breeds that are large and muscular Most are hybrids derived from mating of different breeds usually mated through artificial insemination results in hybrid vigor

Egg Production Eggs are expelled from the hens body and the embryo develops outside the mother’s body. Eggs are encased in a hard shell and can weigh several ounces Process begins with the release of the ovum (yolk) from the ovary If the female has been mated, the ovum will be fertilized within the infundibulum. The albumin or white of the egg is secreted by cells in the magnum. Chalazae is formed, It is a ropelike substance which holds the yolk in place in the center of the egg.

Egg Production Inner and outer shell membranes are formed in the isthmus The shell is formed in the uterus In 18-20 hours the shell is completed and moves to the vagina and out of the hens body. Some facilities collect eggs with the use of a conveyor belt The egg rolls out of the nest box and onto the belt Eggs must be kept clean and free from contamination

Egg hatching Eggs are stored at 70-80 degrees until being placed in the hatchery within 48 hours after incubation begins the embryo has developed a circulatory system Circulatory system sustains life by carrying nourishment from the yolk to the embryo Eggs are turned at least two times per day Turning eggs keeps the embryo from sticking to the inside of the shell By the end of the first week, embryos are recognizable as chickens

Egg hatching

Egg hatching After two weeks, the chicks are covered with down incubation takes about 21 days. After hatching, chicks are removed from the incubator, dried off, cleaned, and placed in a warm dry environment. The chicks are sexed and separated into groups. At one day of age chicks are vaccinated and the beaks are trimmed to prevent canabalism. Chicks are then placed in ventilated cardboard boxes to be shipped to the broiler house.

Broiler Breeder Selection Keep - Cull

Broiler Breeder Placement Is this chicken keep or cull? Cull Keep If Cull, choose a reason A. Cross Beak

Broiler Breeder Placement Is this chicken keep or cull? Cull Keep If Cull, choose a reason A. Cross Beak B. Discolored or swollen hocks C. Leg or foot abnormalities

Broiler Breeder Placement Is this chicken keep or cull? Cull Keep If Cull, choose a reason A. Cross Beak B. Discolored or swollen hocks C. Leg or foot abnormalities

Broiler Breeder Placement Is this chicken keep or cull? Cull Keep If Cull, choose a reason A. Cross Beak B. Discolored or swollen hocks C. Leg or foot abnormalities D. Crooked toes, greater than 90º

STRESSORS Mold & Mycotoxins NH3/H2S Dust Heat Cold Poor Ventilation Vaccination Parasites Rough Handling Loud Noises Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Poor Sanitation Humidity Beak Trimming Weighing Dirty Water Pecking Order Nutritional Deficiencies Molting Crowding Feed Restriction Poor Litter Quality

COMMERCIAL BROILERS

SIMILAR BASIC REQUIREMENTS …FOR… BROODING NUTRITION HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT

Brooding

SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING WHY IS IT SO CRITICAL ? ALL THE BIRD’S BODY SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING

1-DAY OLD BROILER CHICK RESIDUAL YOLK IMMATURE DIGESTIVE TRACT

GREATER THAN REST OF BODY Gut development 1 WEEK OF AGE HATCH TOTAL MASS IS 4 FOLD GREATER THAN REST OF BODY

THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS DURING EMBRYOGENESIS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS BEFORE THE BRAIN

BROODING COMMERCIAL SCALE

BROODING SMALL SCALE

BROODING UNITS LAMP-TYPE BROODER

BROODING BROODING HEAT SOURCES

BROODING UNITS

THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE IF THE CHICKS ARE COMFORTABLE IN THE BROODER ? THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE

BROODING THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE

TODAY’S MEAT-TYPE BIRDS GROW VERY RAPIDLY BODY WEIGHT BROODING 1000 HOURS AGE 42 DAYS MOST CRITICAL PERIOD

WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINES GUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES ….FACT…. WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINES GUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES

Crop fill

NUTRITION

NUTRITION IS NOT FIXED IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT NUTRITION IS FIXED

NUTRITIONALLY SPEAKING WHAT ARE THE ONLY SIX THINGS CHICKENS NEED ?

SIX MAJOR NUTRIENTS CARBOHYDRATE LIPID PROTEIN VITAMINS MINERALS WATER

VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF NUTRITION TO REMEMBER …..ENERGY IS NOT A NUTRIENT….. IT IS A “PROPERTY” OF THREE NUTRIENTS CARBOHYDRATE LIPID PROTEIN

VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF POULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBER MOST POULTRY EAT THE AMOUNT OF FEED THEY NEED IN ORDER TO MEET AN ENERGY REQUIREMENT

FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY PRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS IMPORTANT FACT TO REMEMBER …TODAY… FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY 75% OF THE TOTAL COST OF PRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS

“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION” “General Nutrition” “CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION” 1) USE THE CORRECT FEED FOR EACH AGE & BIRD TYPE STARTER GROWER FINISHER LAYER

GIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUS

KOILIN LINING

KOILIN LINING OF GIZZARD GROOVES

GRIT FED FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE NOT NECESSARY IF MASH OR PELLETS ARE FED ALONE

GIZZARD GRIT KOILIN LAYER

HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK ?

BROILER AGE AND WATER CONSUMPTION BODY WEIGHT

(UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS) DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION “BROILERS” (UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS) DAYS OF AGE X 6 ML