Long Term Causes of the Civil War Civil War was not just fought over slavery There were many issues that caused tension in the nation that involved slavery

Sectionalism North South Manufacturing Agriculture Hired Workers Slave Labor Cities and towns Rural Plantations Against slavery For Slavery They had very different ideas on social, political and economic issues

Extending Slavery in the West The North knew the South needed slavery to make money, but they did not want it to grow in the new Western states South felt slavery should be allowed anywhere people wanted it

Power in the Senate South had 11 States In 1819: North had 11 States South had 11 States Any new states added to the U.S. would upset the balance of power in the Senate

States Rights Southern states felt slavery was a state issue since slaves were property and they would not listen if the National government made a law banning slavery Also felt the seceding was a state right

Important Events in the Slavery Issue Missouri Compromise of 1820: Problem: Missouri asked to enter the Union as a slave state --this would disturb the balance of power in the Senate because in 1819 there were 11 free states and 11 slave states --allowing Missouri to enter as a slave state would give the South the majority vote in the Senate --Northerners did not want to lose power so they opposed the admission of Missouri as a slave state

Important Events in the Slavery Issue Missouri Compromise of 1820: Solution: --Henry Clay (Great Compromiser) came up with a solution --Missouri would enter as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free state --this would keep the balance of power in the Senate (12 & 12) --Under the Missouri Compromise, Congress drew an imaginary line across the southern border of Missouri (36,30 N) Slavery was allowed in the Louisiana territory lands south of this line and banned in the land above this line (except Missouri) --only dealt with land in the Louisiana Territory

Important Events in the Slavery Issue Imaginary Line at 36 30 N Missouri Compromise 1820

Missouri Compromise is an example of: 1. Power in the Senate 2. Extending Slavery to the West

Important Events in the Slavery Issue Wilmot Proviso: Problem: Missouri Compromise only covered land that was part of the Louisiana Purchase --after the Mexican War, the land of the Mexican Cession became a slavery issue --the North feared that the South would extend slavery into the west

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Wilmot Proviso: Solution: David Wilmott a representative from Pennsylvania came up with a plan --the Wilmot Proviso was a law that banned slavery in any lands won from Mexico --South opposed this law—said Congress had no right to ban slavery in the Western territories --in 1846 the House of Reps. Passed the Wilmot Proviso but then it was defeated in the Senate --problem of slavery in the West continued

Wilmot Proviso is an example of: Extending Slavery to the West Sectionalism States Rights

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Free Soil Party: Problem: different views of slavery and the future of the nation began to emerge --Northern Abolitionists: demanded slavery be banned in the Nation --Southern Slaveholders: felt slavery should be allowed in any territory and wanted fugitive slaves returned

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Free Soil Party: Problem: different views of slavery and the future of the nation began to emerge --Moderates: wanted the Missouri Compromise line to be extended to the Pacific Ocean—all states North of the line would be free and states below the line would be slave --some supported the idea of popular sovereignty where voters in new states should vote if they want to be free or slave states

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Free Soil Party: Solution: Northerners from the Democratic and Whig parties who opposed the spread of slavery formed a new party in 1847 The Free Soil Party wanted free soil, free speech, free labor and free men. Their main goal: was to keep slavery out of the western territories Election of 1848: first time slavery was a campaign issue Free Soil Candidate: Martin VanBuren Democrats: Lewis Cass (Michigan) Whigs: Zachary Taylor –Taylor wins but died in July of 1850—his Vice President Millard Fillmore took over (he helped with the Compromise of 1850)

Free Soil Party developing is an example of: Sectionalism

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Compromise of 1850: Problem: Missouri Compromise only covered land that was part of the Louisiana Purchase, after these states entered peacefully new questions emerged over Mexican Cession lands wanting statehood --by early 1850 California wanted to be admitted to the Union as a free state—this would upset the balance of power in the Senate favoring the northern free states --also Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico were leaning towards being free states

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Compromise of 1850: Problem: --the South did not want to lose any power in the Senate and felt that the North would do away with slavery—they began talking about seceding from the Union --tempers raged in Congress—looked like a divide would happen

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Compromise of 1850: Solution: Again a compromise was created by the Great Compromiser, Henry Clay (73 years old—came out of retirement to help) --Clay said it was Congress’ duty to reach an agreement on this slavery issue --John C. Calhoun (South Carolina) believed the South should refuse any compromise—that the North was trying to do away with slavery and that secession was the only answer. --Daniel Webster (North) wanted to avoid war

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Compromise of 1850: Solution: Congress debated the issues of a Compromise for over 7 months—Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas gave many speeches about the Compromise and eventually Congress voted and accepted 5 separate issues that became known as the Compromise of 1850: 1. California would enter the Union as a free state 2. the lands of the Mexican Cession would be broken up and they would decide on slavery with popular sovereignty 3. slave trading would end in Washington D.C. 4. enacted a very strict fugitive slave law 5. settled a border dispute between Texas and New Mexico

Important Events in the Slavery Issue

The Compromise of 1850 is an example of: Extending Slavery to the West Sectionalism States Rights Power in the Senate

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850: Problem: --a fugitive slave law had been passed in 1793, but most Northerners ignored it --as a result thousands of African American slaves escaped form the South and lived as freedmen in the North

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850: Solution: as part of the Compromise of 1850 a new fugitive slave law was created --this new law required that all citizens were required to help catch runaway slaves --people who let fugitives escape could be fined $1,000 and jailed for 6 months --it set up special courts to handle runaway cases—Judges received $10 pay for sending a fugitive back to the South and $5 for allowing the slave to be free

Important Events in the Slavery Issue Fugitive Slave law left many Northern outraged by the injustice of it One Northern woman: Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel to explain the evils of slavery and show how horrible this law was. Uncle Tom’s Cabin became a best selling novel, in the first year of publication, 300,000 copies of Uncle Tom's Cabin were sold. This novel helped inspire many Americans to support the end of slavery.

Fugitive Slave Law is an example of: Sectionalism

Important Events in the Slavery Issue Kansas-Nebraska Act: Problem: --Americans had hoped that the Compromise of 1850 would end the debate over slavery --it didn’t—the issue resurfaced in 1854 --January 1854—Stephen Douglas introduced a bill to set up state governments for Nebraska Territory --South did not want to admit any more free states

Important Events in the Slavery Issue Kansas-Nebraska Act: Solution: Stephen Douglas (Illinois) proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act --under this act Nebraska Territory would be divided into two separate territories—Kansas and Nebraska --the settlers living in each area would use popular sovereignty to decide the slavery issue --Northerners did not like this act—felt that the Missouri Compromise already banned slavery in Kansas and Nebraska—felt that the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise

Important Events in the Slavery Issue

Important Events in the Slavery Issue Kansas-Nebraska Act: Solution: --Southerners liked the Act because they felt slave owners from Missouri would move into Kansas and vote for slavery --Kansas-Nebraska Act led to more problems

Kansas-Nebraska Act is an example of: Extending Slavery to the West Power in the Senate States Rights

Important Events in the Slavery Issue Bleeding Kansas: Problem: Kansas became a testing ground for popular sovereignty --Stephen Douglas thought the elections would solve the issue peacefully --instead pro-slavery and abolitionists sent supporters into Kansas to fight for control of this new state

Important Events in the Slavery Issue Bleeding Kansas: Problem: Kansas ended up with 2 governments 1854: Kansas residents voted on slavery-thousands of Missouri residents voted illegally and Kansas ended up a slave state 1855: Kansas held elections to choose state lawmakers again Border Ruffians (pro-slavery men from Missouri) voted illegally—Pro-slavery lawmakers won and made laws supporting slavery Anti-slavery supporters refused to recognized this government and their laws and elected their own government Violence erupted between the two groups—called bleeding Kansas

Bleeding Kansas is an example of: Extending Slavery to the West Sectionalism States Rights

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Dredd Scott Decision 1857: Problem: --Dredd Scott was a slave who belonged to Dr. Emerson --Dredd Scott travelled with Dr. Emerson and lived with in Missouri (slave), Illinois (Free) and Wisconsin (Free) --in 1843 Scott and his master Emerson move back to Missouri (Slave) and Emerson dies—Scott wants Emerson’s wife to set him and his family free since he had once lived in free territory

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Dredd Scott Decision 1857: Problem: --Dredd Scott sues for his freedom in 1846—the judge rules in favor of Mrs. Emerson --Scott appeals to a higher court in 1850 who rules in favor of him --Mrs. Emerson appeals to Missouri Supreme court and wins in 1852 --Dredd Scott appeals and the case goes to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1857

Important Events in the Slavery Issue The Dredd Scott Decision 1857: Solution: Supreme Court states that Scott should remain a slave, that as a slave he is not a citizen of the U.S. and thus not eligible to bring suit in a federal court, and that as a slave he is personal property and thus has never been free. The court further declares unconstitutional the provision in the Missouri Compromise that permitted Congress to prohibit slavery in the territories, that territorial residents should be able to determine on what terms they enter the union.

The Dredd Scott Court Decision is an example of: Sectionalism States Rights

Slavery, power in the Senate and states rights became a dividing issue between the North and South. Tensions are high and secession is in the air. The scene is set for a major divide.