Psychological Foundations All text in these slides is taken from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/ where it is published under one or more open licenses. All images in these slides are attributed in the notes of the slide on which they appear and licensed as indicated. Cover Image: "An Introduction to Conceptual and Historical Issues in Psychology, Aberystwyth University." Authored by: The CADARN Learning Portal. Located at: https://youtu.be/aQI1pnzDhD4. Content Type: CC Licensed Content, Shared Previously. License: CC BY: Attribution  Industrial-Organizational Psychology

What Does Industrial-Organizational Psychology Study? Attributes of jobs, applicants of those jobs, and methods for assessing fit to a job Orientation of new employees and ongoing training of employees Process of hiring employees Performance appraisal systems

Training New Employees Many organizations have orientation which includes information about: Company history, policies, and rules Organizational culture How to use new tools  Job-specific training (credit: Cory Zanker) in Selecting and Evaluating Employees. Authored by: OpenStax College. Located at: http://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:1AvH1oKc@5/Industrial-Psychology-Selectin. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48

Mentoring at Work Mentoring is a form of informal training in which an experienced employee guides the work of a new employee Significant but small positive effects on performance, motivation and satisfaction, and actual career outcomes May be especially important for women

Evaluating Employees Performance appraisals are a formal process with an annual face-to-face meeting between an employee and his or her supervisor at which they discuss: progress on meeting goals concerns about employee performance positive aspects of performance performance rewards or consequences of poor performance Part of the function of performance appraisals for the organization is to document poor performance to bolster decisions to terminate an employee

360 Degree Performance Appraisal Supervisors, customers, direct reports, peers, and the employee rate the employee’s performance Selecting and Evaluating Employees. Authored by: OpenStax College. Located at: http://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:1AvH1oKc@5/Industrial-Psychology-Selectin. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48

Problems with Performance Evaluations Many performance evaluations are disliked by organizations, employees, or both Few of them have been tested to see if they improve performance or motivate employees

Federal Laws on Hiring Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees. Authored by: OpenStax College. Located at: http://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:1AvH1oKc@5/Industrial-Psychology-Selectin. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48

Bias and Protections in Hiring and Promotion It is illegal for a potential employer to ask your age, whether you are married, a U.S. citizen, have disabilities, or your race or religion Pay must be equal for men and women who perform equal work Employers cannot discriminate against pregnant women or people with obesity, psychiatric disabilities, or a history of substance abuse Retaliation for making a civil rights claim is illegal Some states and cities protect LGBT people from discrimination (credit a: modification of work by Sean McGrath; credit b: modification of work by Ze’ev Barkan; credit c: modification of work by David Hodgson) Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees. Authored by: OpenStax College. Located at: http://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:1AvH1oKc@5/Industrial-Psychology-Selectin. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48

Exceptions to Federal Law Bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQs) are requirements of certain occupations that would otherwise be discriminatory Examples: gender might be a qualification to teach breastfeeding or religion is a qualification for a minister

Where to Report Discrimination When people feel they have been discriminated against at work, they can inform the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) The EEOC received more than 94,000 charges of various kinds of employment discrimination in 2013 Harassment based on sex, race, disability, age, or religion is illegal Many employers offer diversity training and sexual harassment prevention training

Management Styles Theory X Theory Y People dislike work and avoid it People enjoy work and find it natural People avoid responsibility People are more satisfied when given responsibility People want to be told what to do People want to take part in setting their own work goals Goals are achieved through rules and punishments Goals are achieved through enticements and rewards Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work. Authored by: OpenStax College. Located at: http://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:sOgJ7A3i@6/Organizational-Psychology-The-. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48

Leadership Styles Transactional Transformational Focus is on supervision and organizational goals, which are achieved through a system of rewards and punishments (i.e., transactions) Maintain the status quo Are managers Charismatic (role models) Inspirational (optimistic about goal attainment) Intellectually stimulating (encourage critical thinking and problem solving) Considerate

Organizational Culture Values Visions Hierarchies Norms Interactions between its employees How an organization is run How it operates How it makes decisions

Practice Question Why is organizational culture important? Answers may vary. Fitting with organizational culture often determines if someone will be hired or promoted and how happy they are at work.

Quick Review What is industrial and organizational psychology? What are types of job training? What are some approaches to and issues surrounding performance assessment? What are the laws designed to prevent bias and discrimination in hiring and promotion? What are some management styles including Theory X and Theory Y and transactional and transformational leadership? What is organizational culture?