General Biology Review Topics Chapter 1 See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

General Biology Content for Chapter 1 Use the “General Biology Module” content and your textbook to review and master the general biology content found in chapter 1. Students should master the following content (the underlined words are hyperlinks taking you to a video discussing the topic-click on it in presentation mode): The evolutionary timeline. The difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The binomial nomenclature. Taxonomy and its levels of classification. Phylogeny (5 kingdoms vs. 3 domains). NOTE: Your professor will not be discussing this content in class. You will be expected to know this and you will be challenged to discuss this content in class and answer questions on it during in-class exercises, quizzes, and exams. I highly recommend that you produce your own study guide covering the above objectives as you are reading your textbook.

The Impact of Microbes on Earth Evolutionary Time Line Microbes have shaped the development of the earth’s habitats and the evolution of other life forms for billions of years Single-celled organisms arose 3.5 billion years ago and were the only living inhabitants until ~2.9 billion years ago Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes arose from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)

The Impact of Microbes on Earth Eukary: true-nucleus Cells with a nucleus are classified as eukaryotes Prokary: pre-nucleus Bacteria and archaea do not have a nucleus and have been traditionally classified as prokaryotes This classification is no longer used because bacteria and archaea are so distant genetically

Nomenclature: Assigning Specific Names Naming, Classifying, and Identifying Microorganisms Nomenclature: Assigning Specific Names Nomenclature: The assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and individual organisms Understanding and appreciation of microorganisms will be improved by learning a few general rules about how they are named

Binomial System of Nomenclature A combination of the generic (genus) and species name The genus name is always capitalized and the species name begins with a lower case letter Both names should be italicized when in print or underlined when written by hand Abbreviations: The genus name can be abbreviated to save space or if the genus name has already been stated Example: Staphylococcus aureus can be abbreviated as S. aureus

Classification: Constructing Taxonomy Attempts the orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of taxa (categories) Levels of Classification From most general to most specific: Domain Kingdom Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus Species Identification: The process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be recognized or named and placed in a taxonomic scheme

Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms Taxonomy: The science of classifying biological species Developed by Carl von Linné (Carl Linnaeus) in the 1700s Lays down the basic rules for classification Establishes taxonomic categories Used to organize all of the forms of modern and extinct life

Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms Phylogeny: The taxonomic scheme that represents the natural relatedness between groups of living things Based on evolution

Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel: Universal Tree of Life Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel: Two kingdoms: Plants and Animals Based on morphological characteristics Third and fourth kingdoms named by Haeckel: Protista and Monera Robert Whittaker Added a fifth kingdom: Fungi All kingdoms encompassed the two cell types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic Whittaker system became the standard

Tree of Life: A phylogenetic System

Concept Check Describe the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote. How are the names of bacteria assigned and abbreviated? What are the eight taxonomic categories? What are the five kingdoms of the Whittaker System of Classification? What are the three domains of the Woese-Fox system of classification?

Concept Check   3. Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification and naming of organisms? A. Nomenclature B. Taxonomy C. Phylogeny D. Woesean classification E. None of the choices is correct 4. Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed? A. Species B. Phylum C. Kingdom D. Genus E. Family 1. Select the correct descending taxonomic hierarchy (left to right). A. Family, order, class B. Family, genus, species C. Genus, species, family D. Class, phylum, order E. Kingdom, domain, phylum 2. Which scientific name is written correctly? A. Staphylococcus aureus B. staphylococcus aureus C. Staphylococcus Aureus D. Staphylococcus aureus E. none of the above