6. Cognition

INFORMATION PROCESSING MODELS

Selective attention

Change blindness Inattentional blindness

perception

Three Perceptual Processes Bottom-up feature analysis Unitization Top-down processing Turn the machine off when the red light on!!

Human Factors Guidelines Maximize bottom-up processing Maximize automaticity and unitization Maximize top-down processing when bottom-up processing may be poor, and when unitization may be missing

WORKING MEMORY

A Model of Working Memory Limits of Working Memory Capacity Time Confusability and Similarity Attention and Similarity

HF Implications of WM Limits Minimize working memory load Provide visual echoes Provide placeholders for sequential tasks Exploit chunking Minimize confusability Avoid unnecessary zeros in codes to be remembered Consider WM limits in instructions

LONG-TERM MEMORY

Basic Mechanisms Strength Associations WM and LTM Forgetting

Organization of Info in LTM Semantic Network Schemas and Scripts Mental Models Cognitive Maps

LTM Implications for Design Encourage regular use of information to increase frequency and recency Encourage active verbalization or reproduction of information to be recalled Standardize Use memory aids Carefully design info to be remembered Design to support development of correct mental models

Episodic Memory for Events Prospective Memory for Future Events

SITUATION AWARENESS

Problem solving and troubleshooting

Planning and scheduling

Metacognition and effort

Attention and time-sharing

Mental Effort and Resource Demand

Structural Similarity

Confusion Task Management and Interruptions Addressing Time-Sharing Overload