Programming cancer cells for high expression levels of Mcl1

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Programming cancer cells for high expression levels of Mcl1 The amino‐terminal regulatory domain of Mcl1. As described in the text, this long (approximately 170 aa), flexible region is unique to Mcl1 among pro‐survival Bcl2 proteins and is replete with regulatory sites. In addition to descriptions in the text, discussions about specific sites can be found in reference [5] and below. With the exception of L33 (mouse), amino acid number refers to the human sequence. Ser 64 can be phosphorylated by Cdk1 and Cdk2, and by Jnk1, which does not affect the protein half‐life but leads to an enhanced survival function [96]. Erk1 phosphorylates Thr 92 and Thr1 63, which stabilizes Mcl1 through protein association with Pin [97]. Ser 121 in conjunction with Thr 163 is phosphorylated by Jnk, resulting in enhanced stability in one study [98] and unchanged stability but less potency at inhibiting apoptosis in a different study [99]. Ser 155 phosphorylation by Gsk3 decreases Mcl1 expression [69]. Ser 159 phosphorylation leads to Mcl1 destabilization and inhibits interaction with Bim [74], whereas phosphorylation of Thr 163 by Erk increases the half‐life of Mcl1 [100]. Bcl2, B‐cell lymphoma 2; Bim, Bcl2‐like 11; Cdk1/2, cyclin‐dependent kinase 1/2; Erk1, extracellular regulated protein kinase 1; Gsk3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; Jnk1, c‐jun N‐terminal kinase 1; Mcl1, myeloid cell leukaemia 1; PEST, proline/glutamic acid/serine/threonines; Pin, peptidyl‐prolyl cis‐trans isomerase NIMA interacting protein. IF THIS IMAGE HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY OR IS OWNED BY A THIRD PARTY, AS INDICATED IN THE CAPTION LINE, THEN FURTHER PERMISSION MAY BE NEEDED BEFORE ANY FURTHER USE. PLEASE CONTACT WILEY'S PERMISSIONS DEPARTMENT ON PERMISSIONS@WILEY.COM OR USE THE RIGHTSLINK SERVICE BY CLICKING ON THE 'REQUEST PERMISSIONS' LINK ACCOMPANYING THIS ARTICLE. WILEY OR AUTHOR OWNED IMAGES MAY BE USED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSES, SUBJECT TO PROPER CITATION OF THE ARTICLE, AUTHOR, AND PUBLISHER. EMBO Rep, Volume: 14, Issue: 4, Pages: 328-336, First published: 12 March 2013, DOI: (10.1038/embor.2013.20)