Lab 4 Bone and Axial Skeleton J.R. Schiller, PhD., G.R. Pitts, PhD., & Amy L. Thompson, Ph.D.
Lab 4 Activities Describe functions of skeleton Learn histology of bone and cartilage using microslides, figures, and osteon models Learn general anatomy of a long bone Classify bones by shape/origin Define each of the various bone markings Identify all bones and their bone markings of the axial skeleton individually or in articulated skeletons (see list, pp. 4-9 to 4-13)
Functions of Bones Support - framework for body Protection of: many internal organs including the brain, spinal cord, thoracic (heart and lungs) organs, and pelvic (reproductive) organs Movement - muscle attachments to bones Mineral homeostasis – storage resevoir of Ca++, PO-4 Hemopoiesis: Site of blood cell production in red bone marrow
Bone Tissue Compact Spongy appears very dense small struts of bone = trabeculae are generally oriented with the directions of stress
Spongy Bone
Histology of Compact Bone Structural unit is the osteon
The Osteon osteon Central canal Slide 19
Ground Bone Slide 19 lamellae (central canals)
Hyaline Cartilage Slide 17 Slide 17 Lacunae w/chondrocytes
Elastic Cartilage Slide 16
Fibrocartilage Slide 18
Classification of Bones Long, short, flat, and irregular (shape) Wormian (Sutural): extra flat bones of cranium Sesamoid: bones that form in tendon Normal: patellae Pathological: bone spurs
Structure of a Long Bone Diaphysis (shaft) medullary (marrow) cavity red (hematopoietic) marrow in infancy yellow (fat) marrow later Compact bone (mostly) nutrient foramina Epiphyseal Plate (line) Connects diaphysis to epiphyses epiphyseal plate - growth plate in childhood Epiphyseal line when growth ends Epiphysis (“end”) articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage Spongy bone w/red marrow
The Axial Skeleton (blue)
Lateral Aspect of the Skull
Medial Aspect of the Skull
Inferior Aspect of the Skull
Inferior Aspect of Cranium
The Vertebral Column Note the Double Curvature of the Spine. It is an Adaptation for Upright Posture.
Examine the Vertebrae from All Angles
Posterolateral View of Articulated Vertebrae Much of the Rotation of the Head Occurs at the Joint Between the Atlas (C1) and Dens of the Axis (C2).
Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae Key Differences Among Vertebral Types: Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae For Blood Vessels Size Of Body Facets for Rib to Attach. No Facets for Rib to Attach
The Bony Thorax
End Lab 4 Presentation .