Wolbachia bacterial infection does not affect the expression of Imd pathway components and ROS-producing oxidases. Wolbachia bacterial infection does not.

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Wolbachia bacterial infection does not affect the expression of Imd pathway components and ROS-producing oxidases. Wolbachia bacterial infection does not affect the expression of Imd pathway components and ROS-producing oxidases. The relative expression of Imd pathway signal transducer imd (A), the transcription factor Rel (A), AMPs (B), Nox (C), and AMPs downstream of JAK/STAT signaling in both axenic and gnotobiotic L3 larval guts in the presence or absence of Wolbachia infection was determined by RT-qPCR. All conditions are normalized to Wolbachia-free (W−) axenic L3 larval guts. Bar graphs show mean values (three biological replicates of 10 larvae each), and error bars show standard deviations. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05, Student t test). Rama K. Simhadri et al. mSphere 2017; doi:10.1128/mSphere.00287-17