Cell Signaling II.

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Cell Signaling II

Trimeric G-proteins

Biosynthesis of PI(4,5)P2

Cleavage of PI(4,5)P2 by Phospholipase C-β

GPCR → Gq → Phospholipase C-β

Maintaining Low Cytosolic [Ca2+] 3

Maintaining Low Cytosolic [Ca2+]

IP3 Receptor, Ca2+ Channel WHS (Following the cytosolic Ca2+ signal, the channels close and Ca2+ is removed from the cytosol by the mechanisms described earlier.)

Waves of Ca2+ Release

Vasopressin-induced Ca2+ Oscillations

Calmodulin

CaM-kinase II (Ca2+-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II)

CaM-kinase II can decode Ca2+ Oscillations

Summary of Ser/Thr Kinases PS = phosphatidylserine

epinephrine norepinephrine Multiple Receptors for a Hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline) adrenergic receptors

Human Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes

= epinephrine as a drug α1A α2A β1 ↑ ↑ ↑

= an α1 – selective agonist as a drug β1 ↑

↓ X α1A α2A β1 = a β1- selective antagonist as a drug (endogenous epinephrine) X α1A α2A β1 ↓

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) Endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) forms are activated by Ca2+-calmodulin.

Soluble guanylyl cyclase NO Soluble guanylyl cyclase cGMP Protein kinase G