Repeat‐associated non‐AUG translation in C9orf72‐ALS/FTD is driven by neuronal excitation and stress APlasmid reporter constructs developed to monitor.

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Repeat‐associated non‐AUG translation in C9orf72‐ALS/FTD is driven by neuronal excitation and stress APlasmid reporter constructs developed to monitor non‐AUG‐dependent translation using a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, Dendra2. The endogenous C9orf72 5ʹ gene region of the sense direction is immediately upstream, and Dendra2 is immediately downstream of the NRE insertion site. In this construct, the sense sequence, (G4C2)n˜188, was flipped to create the antisense sequence, (C4G2)n˜188. Each construct is modified +1 or +2 base pairs to fluorescently monitor all individual ORFs that are in‐frame with the Dendra2 and the HA affinity tag. BAll ORFs for the antisense coding, (C4G2)n˜188, DPR, (PA), (PG), (PR), can be used to detect and quantify non‐AUG‐dependent translation using the c‐terminal HA tag in a filter‐trap binding assay. DPRs are detected in HEK293T cell 24 h post‐transfection of the C9 DPR reporter construct. n = 5. Statistical comparisons were performed using a t‐test with error bars representing the mean ± SEM. CThe C9orf72 NRE non‐AUG‐dependent reporter constructs recapitulate localization patterns and pathological features identified in C9orf72 NRE models and patients. The Dendra2 (green) c‐terminal fusion was used to monitor cellular localization and fluorescence intensity for each DPR translated from the C4G2 antisense strand in HEK293T cells transiently co‐expressing an NES‐mIFP‐mIFP‐NES fusion protein cytoplasmic marker. DC4G2‐Dendra2 non‐AUG‐dependent fluorescent reporter constructs show cell‐type variability in the number of cells that are DPR positive and the overall DPR levels. Transient cotransfections of HEK293T cells robustly undergo C4G2‐Dendra2 non‐AUG‐dependent translation compared to NSC34 or rat primary cortical neurons. DPR‐positive cells and DPR fluorescent intensity were analyzed and calculated 24 h post‐transfection only in cells expressing the cotransfected NES‐mIFP construct. HEK293T: n = 5 with > 500 cells analyzed per experiment per condition. NSC34: n = 5 with m > 500 cells per n. Rat primary cortical neuron: n = 5 with m > 40 cells per n. ***P < 0.001. Statistical comparisons were performed using a t‐test with error bars representing the mean ± SEM. EPlasmid fluorescent reporter constructs developed for transfection marker and AUG‐dependent translation levels. Nuclear export tags drive the fluorescent reporter to highlight cytoplasm over nucleus aiding localization analysis. FDot blot analysis performed on lysates of HEK293T containing all sense‐ORF reporter constructs. All sense DPR species are detected through DPR‐specific antibodies regardless of the ORF of the Dendra2 and HA tags. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis performed in HEK293T cells containing the sense‐ORF reporter constructs demonstrates that Dendra2 is being translated in frame of the correct DPR. DPR‐specific antibody staining for the specific ORF reporter construct colocalizes with the Dendra2 tag in frame of the corresponding DPR. GqRT–PCR analysis measuring transcript levels of C9 reporter constructs. In HEK293T, GA demonstrates higher transcript levels, followed by GR then GP. NSC34 demonstrate higher transcript levels than HEK293T. Conditions with stress, or stress with therapeutic inhibitors, demonstrate varying transcript levels around the same CT value. Transcript levels have no correlation to the level of RAN‐translated products measured. Dendra2 CT values were normalized to NES‐mIFP CT values to account for potential translation efficiency differences between experimental designs. Source data are available online for this figure. IF THIS IMAGE HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY OR IS OWNED BY A THIRD PARTY, AS INDICATED IN THE CAPTION LINE, THEN FURTHER PERMISSION MAY BE NEEDED BEFORE ANY FURTHER USE. PLEASE CONTACT WILEY'S PERMISSIONS DEPARTMENT ON PERMISSIONS@WILEY.COM OR USE THE RIGHTSLINK SERVICE BY CLICKING ON THE 'REQUEST PERMISSIONS' LINK ACCOMPANYING THIS ARTICLE. WILEY OR AUTHOR OWNED IMAGES MAY BE USED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSES, SUBJECT TO PROPER CITATION OF THE ARTICLE, AUTHOR, AND PUBLISHER. EMBO Mol Med, Volume: 11, Issue: 2, First published: 07 January 2019, DOI: (10.15252/emmm.201809423)