Defective NOD2 peptidoglycan sensing promotes diet‐induced inflammation, dysbiosis, and insulin resistance APrincipal coordinates analysis (PCoA) performed.

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Defective NOD2 peptidoglycan sensing promotes diet‐induced inflammation, dysbiosis, and insulin resistance APrincipal coordinates analysis (PCoA) performed on pairwise unweighted UniFrac distances in HFD‐fed mice shows a strong antibiotic effect (PCoA1: 28%) and a strong similarity within donors and recipients (R) from the microbiota transfer experiment into germ‐free mice (PCoA2: 16%). All mice were fed a HFD, each small dot is a mouse, and the most abundant bacterial genus are labeled and superimposed on the same PCoA plot. The size of the sphere representing a taxon is proportional to the mean relative abundance of the taxon across all samples. BAlpha diversity represented by the Shannon index (n ≥ 5/group), *P = 0.03 and **P = 0.0001. CAverage relative abundance of the major genus in the cecum of each group of mice (n ≥ 5/group). D, EImpact of antibiotics (ATB) on relative population of Lactococcus genus and Lachnospiraceae family in all mice (E) (n ≥ 10/group), *P = 0.0001. F, GBody mass (F) and fasting blood glucose (G) in 16 week HFD‐fed WT and NOD2−/− mice without (CON) or with ATB in the drinking water for the final 4 weeks of the HFD (n ≥ 5/group), *P = 0.04, **P = 0.0008, and #P = 0.004. H, IPercentage change in fasting blood glucose (H) and AUC during GTTs (I) that was induced by ATB in HFD‐fed WT and NOD2−/− mice (n ≥ 5/group), *P = 0.04 and **P = 0.005. Data information: *Significantly different from HFD‐fed WT mice: #Significantly different from HFD‐fed NOD2−/− CON mice (without ATB). An unpaired t‐test was used for comparisons with two conditions, whereas a 1‐way ANOVA was used for comparisons with more than two conditions. Tukey's post‐hoc test was used. Values are mean ± SEM. IF THIS IMAGE HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY OR IS OWNED BY A THIRD PARTY, AS INDICATED IN THE CAPTION LINE, THEN FURTHER PERMISSION MAY BE NEEDED BEFORE ANY FURTHER USE. PLEASE CONTACT WILEY'S PERMISSIONS DEPARTMENT ON PERMISSIONS@WILEY.COM OR USE THE RIGHTSLINK SERVICE BY CLICKING ON THE 'REQUEST PERMISSIONS' LINK ACCOMPANYING THIS ARTICLE. WILEY OR AUTHOR OWNED IMAGES MAY BE USED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSES, SUBJECT TO PROPER CITATION OF THE ARTICLE, AUTHOR, AND PUBLISHER. EMBO Mol Med, Volume: 7, Issue: 3, Pages: 259-274, First published: 09 February 2015, DOI: (10.15252/emmm.201404169)