Who do you “respect”? If you got in trouble… who in the school would you least want to have to deal with? Why them?

The “Credibility” Theory and “Brinkmanship” CREDIBILITY / a.k.a “street cred” To be believable / taken seriously To be respected To be taken at their word

The “Credibility” Theory and “Brinkmanship” BRINKMANSHIP / a.k.a. “Massive Retaliation” Being willing to go all in to prove your credibility

World War 1 Begins 30 year period of Europe tearing itself apart, and Europe’s burnout as the center of global power Totally shapes the world we live in today / marks a shift into a modern global era?

Four main reasons driving Europe to war Militarism Alliance systems Imperialism Nationalism Four main reasons driving Europe to war

Opposing Alliances Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary *Ottoman Empire Allied Powers France Russia Great Britain *Italy *Japan *USA

Europe 1914

Trouble in the Balkans Balkans divided by ethnic groups, religions A-H controls some areas and is trying to squish revolts Serbia resists A-H control and aids rebels Assassination of heir to A-H throne in Bosnia sees A-H crack down on Serbia, Russia step up to help Serbia, and A-H and Russia’s allies line up and start frontin’ Trouble in the Balkans

The Western Front Germany fights France and England in northeastern France (A-H vs Italy south) 500 miles of trenches, and years of bloody fighting Innovations in devastation – new weapons wreak havoc on the battlefield and reinforce the stalemate Battles of Verdun and Somme in 1916 – 2 million die and lines don’t move “total war” – demands civilians support the war effort; propaganda used to justify sacrifices of loved ones and $$$$$$

Eastern Front Germany and Austria-Hungary fight Russia Slow, steady movement towards Russia, who can’t keep up with industry and resources Russian people suffer from massive shortages of all necessities March Revolution 1917 drives out Czar, but decides to stay in the war… bad idea…

Why the US enters World War 1 At 1st, the US claims neutrality US anger grows over German u-boat attacks in the Atlantic Germany reaches out to Mexico US trades with GB and France much more than Germany and A-H (80/20 to 95/5…) US banks loan GB and France money – what if they lose?? Shared language and history with British Shared republican traditions with Great Britain and France – “war to preserve democracy” Why the US enters World War 1

A “World” War Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers and war spreads to the Middle East Genocide against the Armenians Japan joins the Allies for its own reasons British and French promise more freedoms / possible independence to colonies if they help in the war… Fighting spreads to Africa / South Pacific / oceans and seas

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia Staying in the war sees things go from bad to worse in Russia after March 1917 Vladimir Lenin leads the Bolsheviks in a revolt that seizes major Russian cities November Revolution 1917: Bolsheviks declare the creation of the “Soviet Union”; overthrow provisional govt, sue for peace with Germany, and execute the Czar’s family 3 years of civil war follows before the Bolshevik success; Lenin makes a communist dictatorship (“vanguard of the proletariat”)

The end of the war, and the “peace” after??? US in the war spells the end for Germany President Woodrow Wilson wants a “fair and lasting peace” – The 14 Points The Treaty of Versailles was instead motivated by revenge; only the League of Nations makes it in from the 14 Points* The Treaty blames the war on Germany, imposes harsh reparations, redraws the map of Europe, and gives England and France control of much of the Middle East the “war to end all wars” will instead become a big reason why there will be another world war 20 years later…

Europe 1919 – after the Treaty of Versailles