English Business 2 Lecture 1 Dea Adlina

Today’s lecture Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier. Verb Phrases & Tenses: Verb Phrases: Two word verbs Tenses: Past, Present, and Future Subject – Verb Agreement Singular Subject Plural Subject Either, Neither Any + … No + … Some + … Every + … Gerunds as Subject Collective Nouns, etc

Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier Review Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier

Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier Subject: a person or a noun or an adjective that is being discussed, described, or dealt with. Verb: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Complement: a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression Modifier: an optional element in phrase or clause structure used to modify (change the meaning of) another element in the structure, on which it is dependent.

Examples Trees grow She opened her book Subject         Verb She            opened        her book Subject           Verb        Complement Henry and Marcia    have visited     the president Subject                 Verb Phrase        Complement George       is cooking          dinner                 tonight Subject       Verb Phrase     Complement       Modifier of Time She        opened      a checking account      at the bank             last week Subject      Verb             Complement          Modifier of Place     Modifier of Time

Subject Noun (phrase) or pronoun The tiny cat jumped outside our house. A gerund (phrase) Her excessive bragging was annoying. A to-infinitive (phrase) To sing is easier than to act. A full that-clause That he had won the war was known to everyone. A free relative clause Wherever he went was always a disaster. A direct quotation I love you is often heard these days. Zero (but implied) subject Open the door! An expletive it It is raining. A cataphor it It was known by everyone that he had won the war.

Review Verb Phrases Two word verbs

Two word verbs Phrasal verbs A verb and a preposition wivh together have a special meaning. It is especially common in informal English Separable phrasal verbs I handed in my paper yesterday. I handed it in yesterday. Nonseparable phrasal verbs I ran into an old friend yesterday.

Two word verbs Phrasal verbs Meaning Put off Drop by Look up Turn down Take over Hang up Postpone Visit informally Look for information Decrease volume or intensity OR Reject OR Refuse Take control Conclude a telephone conversation and many more

Review Tenses Past, Present, Future

Present

Present Subject + Auxiliary Verb + V-ing Subject + V1

Present Subject + have been Subject + have + V3 + V-ing (Past Participle Form)

Past

Past Subject + was/were + V-ing Subject + V2

Past Subject + had been Subject + had + V3 + V-ing (Past Participle Form)

Future

Future Subject + will / be going to + V1 Subject + will / (aux) going to + be + V-ing

Future Subject + will have been + V-ing Subject + will have + V3

Will or be going to? Prediction Prior plan Willingness According to the weather report, it will be / is going to be cloudy tomorrow. Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself! Watch out! You’re going to hurt yourself! Prior plan Willingness A: The phone’s ringing. B: I’ll get it A: I don’t understand this problem. B: Ask your teacher about it. She’ll help you. A: Why did you buy this paint? B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He’s going to buy a car. That’s what he told me.

Using Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, every, and A few Expressions of Quantity Using Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, every, and A few

COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns Whole groups made up of similar items: baggage, money/cash/change, jewelry, food, fruit Fluids: Water, coffee, tea, oil Solids: Ice, meat, gold, iron, paper Gases: Steam, air, oxygen, smoke, pollution Particles: Rice, corn, dust, hair, salt

COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns Abstractions: Beauty, confidence, time, work, grammar, peace, help, honesty Languages: Arabic, English, Japanese Field of study: Chemistry, literature, engineering Recreation: Baseball, tennis, chess, poker General activity: Driving, studying, walking (and other gerunds) Natural phenomena: Weather, heat, humidity, lightning, rain

Exercise COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Advice U Change C City C Garbage U Hardware U Homework U/C Information U Junk U Luggage U C Advice Change City Garbage Information Stuff Thunder Luggage Travelling Trip

Expressions of Quantity Used with count nouns Used with noncount nouns One Each Every One apple Each apple Every apple Ø Two Both A couple of Three, etc. A few Several Many A number of Two apples Both apples A couple of apples Three apples A few apples Several apples Many apples A number of apples A little Much A great deal of A little rice Much rice A great deal of rice Not any/no Some A lot of Lots of Plenty of Most All Not any/no apples Some apples A lot of apples Lots of apples Plenty of apples Most apples All apples Not any/no rice Some rice A lot of rice Lots of rice Plenty of rice Most rice All rice Expressions of Quantity

ANY Used in negatives Compare NOT vs. No: I do not have any money  NOT: to make a verb negative. I have no money  used as an adjective

SOME and ANY Examples: There was someone in his room. (+) There wasn’t anyone in his room. (-) There was no one in his room. (-) We have some time to waste. (+) We don’t have any time to waste. (-) We have no time to waste. (-)

Gerunds and infinitives How to use Gerunds and infinitives

Gerunds The –ing form of a verb used as a noun, i.e., as a subject or an object. Playing tennis is fun. We enjoy playing tennis. He’s exited about playing tennis. S V Gerund phrase S V O prep O

Using IT + to Infinitive using gerunds as subjects Example of gerunds to infinitive form: Crouching  to crouch Flipping  to flip Blaming others is an unseemly behavior It is an unseemly behavior to blame others The word it refers to and has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence

changing Gerund into To + infinitive Riding a horse is always fun. To ride a horse is always fun. It is always fun to ride a horse Gerund verb To + infinitive verb Added subject verb To + infinitive

It + gerunds Sometimes used when the speaker is talking about a particular situation and wants to give the idea of “while” Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with him. We were in danger while we were riding with him.

Exercise Restate the sentences Teasing animals is cruel.  It is cruel to tease animals. It wasn’t difficult to find their house. Finding their house wasn’t difficult. Hearing the other side of the story would be interesting. It would be interesting to hear the other side of the story. If you know how, it is easy to float in water for a long time. If you know how, floating in water for a long time is easy.

End of Lecture 1 Homework time!!!

See you soon. Have a good day!