HUMAN ENDOCRINE GLANDS “Out of the gland and into the blood to target cell we go” 1

HYPOTHALAMUS ATTACHED TO PITUITARY CONTROLS SECRETIONS OF PITUITARY INTERACTS WITH NERVOUS SYSTEM THIS ENSURES BOTH SYSTEMS CAN WORK TOGETHER TO COORDINATE BODY ACTIVITES! THEREFORE, CONTROL CENTER OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM!

PITUITARY GLAND FOUND AT BASE OF SKULL SECRETES 9 HORMONES!!!!!! REGULATE BODY FUNCTIONS EX: HGH (HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE) TOO MUCH = GIANTISM TOO LITTLE = DWARFISM REGULATE OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS

THYROID AND PARATHYROID FOUND IN THROAT THYROID REGULATES BODY’S CELL METABOLISM HORMONE = THYROXINE PARATHYROID REGULATES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS HORMONE = PTH

ADRENAL GLAND FOUND ON KIDNEYS HELP PREPARE AND DEAL WITH STRESS “FIGHT OR FLIGHT” HORMONE = ADRENALINE INCREASE HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASES OXYGEN INTAKE (LARGER AIRWAYS) INCREASES GLUCOSE LEVEL

PANCREAS LOCATED NEXT TO STOMACH ISLETS OF LANGERHANS: HORMONE PRODUCING AREA OF PANCREAS HORMONES RELEASED (COMPLEMENTARY): INSULIN: REMOVES SUGAR FROM BLOOD GLUCAGON: STIMULATES LIVER TO BREAK DOWN GLYCOGEN TO PUT GLUCOSE BACK IN BLOOD

Diagram of Glucose Feedback

GONADS PRODUCE SEX CELLS (GAMETES) AND SECRETE SEX HORMONES TESTES: MALE PRODUCE SPERM SECRETE TESTOSTERONE OVARIES: FEMALE PRODUCE EGGS (OVA) SECRETE ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

Figure 39–2 The Endocrine Glands Section 39-1 Hypothalamus The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland. Pineal gland The pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles. Thyroid The thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism. Pituitary gland The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands. Pancreas The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood. Parathyroid glands These four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood. Ovary The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg. Thymus During childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development. Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics Adrenal glands The adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.