Introduction to Biology Ms. Rosendo 10-B

Science and Biology Science is the knowledge of certain natural and non natural phenomena by its principals and causes. It’s a continuous search for answering the why of things.

What is Biology? Branch that studies live organisms and uses all of the branches that also focus on live organisms. Focuses on: Structure Function Reproductive Cycle Evolution

Biology Pioneers 1. Aristotle -Greek (1st bio. teacher) “Father of Biology and Zoology”

2. Hippocrates Greek “Father of Medicine” Hippocratic Oath for doctors (part of his life- long legacy)

3. Leeuwenhoek Dutch His hobby was lens grinding ** He did NOT invent the microscope, he perfected microscope lenses

4. Fleming British Accidentally discovered first antibiotic (penicillin)

distingue a los reinos animal, vegetal, hongos, protistas, arqueas y bacterias del resto de realidades naturales. Implica las capacidades de nacer, crecer, reproducirse y morir, y, a lo largo de sucesivas generaciones, evolucionar.

Areas of Biology

Areas of Biology Anatomy – study of the organs and systems. Physiology – study of how an organism works. Microbiology – study of microscopic beings. Ecology – interactions between living organisms and their environment. Zoology – study of the animal kingdom. Botany – study of the plant kingdom. Genetics – study of the transmission and modification of characteristics from one generation to the other.

Areas of Biology Molecular biology – study of the biological processes at a molecular level. One of the most recent and developed biology branches. Includes aspects like genetic engineering and cloning.

Characteristics of Life Cellular composition Growth Reproduction Movement Adaptation Metabolism Specific organization Homeostasis Responsiveness

Cellular Composition Made up of at least one cell Unicellular - made of one cell (bacteria, amoeba, paramecium) Multicellular - made up of two or more cells (plants, fungi, animals)

Growth Increase in cell size (unicellular) and/or an increase in cell number (multicellular)

Reproduction Asexual- cell division (mitosis)—one cell becomes two Ex: bacteria Sexual- union of sex cells (sperm and egg) Ex: plants and animals

Movement 3 types: Place to Place- (ex: bear running, bird flying, etc) External Part- (ex: + phototropism, plants orient leaves toward sun) Internal- (ex: cytoplasmic streaming)

Adaptation Changing to meet the needs of the environment Examples: 1. Bird migration- behavioral adaptation

Adaptation (continued) Human body temperature- Physiological adaptation Hibernation- physiological adaptation Hare ear length (desert vs. arctic hares)- structural adaptation

Metabolism Set of chemical reactions that convert “food” into energy

Specific Organization Certain parts do specific jobs (ex: heart, nucleus, chloroplasts, etc)

Homeostasis Maintaining the same state Homeo = same, steady Stasis = state Examples: -Water balance inside and outside of cell -Human body temperature *Cells function best when these are in balance

Responsiveness Reaction(s) to various stimuli Examples of stimuli: light, heat, pH, vibration, smell, etc.– earthworms respond to all of these

Levels of Organization in Biology

Atoms and molecules Atom – chemical unit that has all the characteristics of the element. Molecule – 2 or more atoms combined chemically.

Cells Biological unit that has all the characteristics of life. 2 types: eukaryotic and prokaryotic.

Tissue Cells group to form tissue with specific functions.

Organ Group of tissues.

System Group of organs with specific functions.

Organism

Population

Community

Ecosystem and Biosphere