Schizophrenia Research Study: Daniels et al (1991) Saturday, 28 September 2019 Schizophrenia Research Study: Daniels et al (1991) LO: Understand the details of the key research study for Schizophrenia understand the procedure of research Examine the results of the research with maths analysis Evaluate the research study Key Terms: SPECT Placebo Cerebral Blood Flow

STARTER: Knowledge Quiz (Back of your book) What is a hypothesis? What does the term ‘sample’ mean? What is the difference between an independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV)? What is the difference between a laboratory experiment, and a natural experiment? CHALLENGE: Why is it important to have control in an experiment?

STARTER: Knowledge Quiz ANSWERS What is a hypothesis? A PREDICTION OF THE OUTCOME OF RESEARCH/THE RESULTS What does the term ‘sample’ mean? THE GROUP OF PARTICIPANTS TAKING PART IN AN EXPERIMENT What is the difference between an independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV)? IV = WHAT IS CHANGED/MANIPULATED DV = WHAT IS MEASURED

STARTER: Knowledge Quiz (Back of your book) What is the difference between a laboratory experiment, and a natural experiment? LAB EXPERIMENT = CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT WITH IV MANIPULATED BY EXPERIMENT NATURAL EXPERIMENT = NON-CONTROLLED (NATURAL) ENVIRONMENT, IV IS NATURALLY OCCURING WITHOUT THE EXPERIMENTER BEING INVOLVED CHALLENGE: Why is it important to have control in an experiment? HAVING CONTROL ENSURES A FAIR TEST, AND ENSURES THE IV IS ACTUALLY AFFECTING THE DV, NOT JUST COINCIDENCE

Key Study Title Schizophrenia Research Study Daniel, Weinberger, Jones et al. (1991) A study into the effect of amphetamine on regional cerebral blood flow during cognitive activation in schizophrenia. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? LO: Understand the details of the key research study for Schizophrenia UNDERSTAND THE PROCEDURE OF RESEARCH EXAMINE THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH WITH MATHS ANALYSIS EVALUATE THE RESEARCH STUDY

A study into the effect of amphetamine on regional cerebral blood flow during cognitive activation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research Study AMPHETAMINE A drug which acts as a stimulant for the brain CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW The supply of blood to the brain at one time COGNITIVE ACTIVATION The active process of thinking or doing LO: Understand the details of the key research study for Schizophrenia UNDERSTAND THE PROCEDURE OF RESEARCH EXAMINE THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH WITH MATHS ANALYSIS EVALUATE THE RESEARCH STUDY

STARTER: Knowledge Quiz (Back of your book) What are the two biological explanations of schizophrenia? What does ‘Cognitive Activation’ mean? What does amphetamine do to a person’s brain?

STARTER: Knowledge Quiz ANSWERS What are the two biological explanations of schizophrenia? Dopamine Hypothesis and lack of activity in the pre-frontal cortex What does ‘Cognitive Activation’ mean? The active process of the brain thinking or doing What does amphetamine do to a person’s brain? It stimulates it – makes it active

Highlight the key information Underline any words you don’t understand THE RESEARCH STUDY Schizophrenia Research Study Read the worksheet Highlight the key information Underline any words you don’t understand LO: Understand the details of the key research study for Schizophrenia UNDERSTAND THE PROCEDURE OF RESEARCH EXAMINE THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH WITH MATHS ANALYSIS EVALUATE THE RESEARCH STUDY

Schizophrenia Research Study SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (SPECT): A type of nuclear imaging test that uses gamma rays to show how blood flows to tissues and organs. PLACEBO: A fake drug designed to have no real effect, so that it can be tested and compared to a real drug. LO: Understand the details of the key research study for Schizophrenia UNDERSTAND THE PROCEDURE OF RESEARCH EXAMINE THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH WITH MATHS ANALYSIS EVALUATE THE RESEARCH STUDY

TASK: Glue in the table, and answer the questions below TASK: Glue in the table, and answer the questions below. Details of the Sample: What was the mean age of the participants? What percentage of participants were female? What fraction of participants were black? What was the modal number of years the participants had spent in education? What was the median number of years since the participants were first hospitalised?

Maths Help Sheet:

Daniels et al Questions What scanning technique was used by Daniel et al? Why were the same participants used in both conditions? Which other controls were used in the study? According to the results, when did amphetamine have an effect?

Schizophrenia Research Study: Daniels et al (1991) Saturday, 28 September 2019 Schizophrenia Research Study: Daniels et al (1991) LO: Evaluate and criticise the key research study for Schizophrenia recall the key elements of the research Explain limitations with certain research methods Synthesise information to evaluate the research study Key Terms: sample extraneous variable representative ethics validity cultural bias

STARTER: Knowledge Quiz Schizophrenia Research Study What is a sample? What is an extraneous variable? Give 3 examples. What are the 5 ethical considerations psychologists have to make when conducting research? What is meant by the term validity? CHALLENGE: What is neuroscience? Saturday, 28 September 2019Saturday, 28 September 2019 LO: Evaluate and criticise the key research study for Schizophrenia RECALL THE KEY ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH EXPLAIN LIMITATIONS WITH CERTAIN RESEARCH METHODS SYNTHESISE INFORMATION TO EVALUATE THE RESEARCH STUDY

STARTER: Knowledge Quiz Schizophrenia Research Study What is a sample? A group selected from a larger population – the participants used within a research study. What is an extraneous variable? Give 3 examples. A variable which is not the IV, but may impact upon the DV if not controlled for e.g. a person’s mood, the weather, the light in a room What are the 5 ethical considerations psychologists have to make when conducting research? Protection from psychological harm, avoiding deception, informed consent, right to withdraw, maintain confidentiality, debriefing participants Saturday, 28 September 2019Saturday, 28 September 2019 LO: Evaluate and criticise the key research study for Schizophrenia RECALL THE KEY ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH EXPLAIN LIMITATIONS WITH CERTAIN RESEARCH METHODS SYNTHESISE INFORMATION TO EVALUATE THE RESEARCH STUDY

STARTER: Knowledge Quiz Schizophrenia Research Study What is meant by the term validity? A measure of how true or accurate something is CHALLENGE: What is neuroscience? The study of the brain and neurochemistry (neurotransmitters; such as dopamine) Saturday, 28 September 2019Saturday, 28 September 2019 LO: Evaluate and criticise the key research study for Schizophrenia RECALL THE KEY ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH EXPLAIN LIMITATIONS WITH CERTAIN RESEARCH METHODS SYNTHESISE INFORMATION TO EVALUATE THE RESEARCH STUDY

Key Criticisms Schizophrenia Research Study The sample size was too small to draw reliable conclusions. The sample was potentially culturally biased. The study may lack temporal validity. Some psychologists would be concerned about the ethics of using scans when we are unclear about long term consequences. The difference in brain activity may have been affected by an extraneous variable (the mood stabiliser). Saturday, 28 September 2019Saturday, 28 September 2019 LO: Evaluate and criticise the key research study for Schizophrenia RECALL THE KEY ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH EXPLAIN LIMITATIONS WITH CERTAIN RESEARCH METHODS SYNTHESISE INFORMATION TO EVALUATE THE RESEARCH STUDY