The Respiratory System

Functions Respiration: “breathing” Ventilation: moving air into and out of the lungs External respiration: gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and the tissues

Functions Breathing provides oxygen needed in cellular respiration to make ATP from glucose, gets rid of CO2 Regulation of blood pH: alter pH by changing blood carbon dioxide levels Production of chemical mediators: lungs make an enzyme to help regulate blood pressure Voice production: air moving past vocal folds makes sound and speech possible Olfaction: sensation of smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity

Organs of the respiratory system Trachea Bronchus (bronchi) Bronchioles Alveoli Pleura Diaphragm Nose / mouth Nasal cavity Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Lungs

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Mouth & Nose Nose: Nasal Cavity: hollow space behind the nose Brings air into the body Nasal hairs in nostrils trap dust Nasal Cavity: hollow space behind the nose Nasal Septum: dividing the cavity from left to right Nasal Conchae: bones and processes that curl to each side of the pathway Goblet cells: secret mucus

Nasal cavity Warms & moistens air Glands that produce sticky mucus line the nasal cavity traps dust, pollen, and other materials that were not trapped by nasal hairs cilia sweep mucus and trapped material to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed

Paranasal Sinuses Around the nasal sinuses Lined with mucus Help reduce the weight of the skill Helps with quality of the voice

Pharynx Tube-like passageway used by food, liquid, and air At the lower end of the pharynx is a flap of tissue called the epiglottis covers the layrnx during swallowing so that food does not enter the lungs Glottis: between vocal cord, covers trachea

Larynx “Voice box” The airway to which two pairs of horizontal folds of tissue, called vocal cords, are attached

Trachea Air-conducting tube Connects the larynx with the bronchi Lined with mucous membranes and cilia Contains strong cartilage rings

Lung Anatomy

Bronchi Two short tubes that branch off the lower end of the trachea Carry air into the lungs. Singular - bronchus

Bronchioles Tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs Connect bronchi to alveoli

Alveoli Tiny, thin-walled, grapelike clusters at the end of each bronchiole Surrounded by capillaries Where carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange take place Singular - alveolus

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Diffusion http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/hrespsys.htm

Pleura Membrane lining the lungs and chest cavity Visceral: covering the lungs Parietal pleura: outside layer Pleural cavity: “space” between visceral pleura and parietal pleura

Diaphragm Muscle wall between the chest and the abdomen that the body uses for breathing

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Driving instructions You are a school bus driver. You drive around molecules of oxygen. You are going to be gone for a trip, so you have to leave instructions for your “sub” to drive your bus. What directions would you give them? You have to take the oxygen and exchange it for carbon dioxide.

Relationship to digestive system Cellular respiration requires glucose and oxygen to release energy to the body C6H12O6  +  6O2    6CO2  +  6 H2O  +  Energy Oxygen is provided by the respiratory system Glucose is provided by the digestive system (glucose is made during photosynthesis)