water & land use representation in the template CLEW model

Session Overview Representation of water supply and demand Incorporation of land use in the CLEW model Incorporation of climate Overview of water, land use “technologies” and of their inter-relations in terms of inputs and outputs Differentiating water, land use, climate and energy “technologies”: parameters used and their meaning units used in the model (parameters and variables) Input and output activity ratios 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

Energy system diagram Note that interactions with water and land use technologies and commodities is not included in this diagram. 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

energy sector model structure Fossil fuels Domestic extraction Renewable resources Energy imports Fuels Renewable fuels Energy exports Power sector Oil Refinery Primary Energy Supply Energy Transformation Biofuel production Agricultural sector Commercial sector Industrial sector Residential sector Transport sector Final energy demand Refined products Electricity Fuel demand 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

water systems model structure supply final demand Precipitation Surface water (rivers, lakes, reservoirs) Groundwater (aquifers) Seawater desalination Domestic supply Agriculture / irrigation Industry Power sector – cooling Environmental services 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

CLEW template model: Water & land use 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

CLEW template model: water system Standardized model structure Customizable to country data Structure customizable for country water flows and account for climate variability Water system represented in a compact manner Simplified water demand representation demand projections based on selected drivers demand represented by sector, and, for residential supply split between urban and rural Simplified water availability and supply representation Diverse source expressed as a single entity

Water system in the model structure: inputs & outputs Water supply Water extraction Final Water demand Industrial sector water demand Annual Precipitation precipitation Surface water pumping Surface water Commercial sector Water demand Groundwater recharge Residential Rural sector Water demand Groundwater Groundwater pumping Irrigation & sectoral water Residential Urban sector Run-off Water demand Surface water Surface water Environmental Flow Water demand

Water demands Commercial water demand COMWAT: Water used in the commercial sector DEMCOMWAT : Water used in commercial sector COMELEC: Electricity used in the commercial sector WATNAG: Water for Non Agricultural purposes Surface water 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

Water demands Industrial water demand INDWAT: Water used in the industrial sector DEMINDWAT : Water used in commercial sector COMELEC: Electricity used in the commercial sector WATNAG: Water for Non Agricultural purposes WATSUR: Surface water 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

Water demands Power Sector water demand DEMPWRWAT : Water used in commercial sector COMELEC: Electricity used in the commercial sector PWRWAT: Water used in the Power sector WATNAG: Water for Non Agricultural purposes 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

Water demands Transformation Sector water demand DEMUPSWAT : Water used in transformation sector COMELEC: Electricity used in the commercial sector UPSWAT: Water used in the transformation sector WATNAG: Water for Non Agricultural purposes 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

Water demands Rural Residential water demand DEMRESWAT1 : Water used in Residential sector Rural RESWATR: Rural Residential water demand WATNAG: Water for Non Agricultural purposes WATSUR: Surface water 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

Water demands Urban Residential water demand RESWATU: Urban Residential water demand DEMRESWAT2 : Water used in Residential sector Rural COMELEC: Electricity used in the commercial sector WATNAG: Water for Non Agricultural purposes WATSUR: Surface water 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

Water demands Urban Residential water demand WATENV001 : Water environmental flows WATENV: Environmental water flows WATSUR: Surface water 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

CLEW template model: land use system Standardized model structure Customizable to country data (land shares and crop selection) Structure customizable to represent a selected number of land classes (up to 3 cultivated land classes, subject to different water use) Simplified demand representation of land use and agriculture production Production from selected crops driven by different factors (e.g. crop consumption per capita) Simplified crop production representation based on water availability and climate Consideration of rain-fed and irrigated crops and difference in yields

Land use representations Land Resource Crop1 Irrigated Agricultural Land Stock Crop1 Rain fed Crop2 Irrigated Crop2 Rain fed Forests Crop3 Irrigated Crop3 Rain fed Other Land (includes built up areas) Crop4 Irrigated FAOClim-NET covers monthly data for 28100 stations, for up to 14 observed and computed agroclimatic parameters. It includes both long-term averages (1961-90) and time series for rainfall and temperatures. http://geonetwork3.fao.org/climpag/agroclimdb_en.php Crop4 Rain fed Permanent Meadows and Pastures 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

Land use representations Rain fed Crop Rainfed Crop Land Resource Water from Precipitation Evapotranspiration Diesel used in agriculture Gasoline used in agriculture LPG used in agriculture Ground Water Recharge Runoff Crop Yield Energy inputs water outputs water inputs land output land inputs 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

Land use representations Irrigated Crop Irrigated Crop Land Resource Water from Precipitation Water from Irrigation Evapotranspiration Diesel used in agriculture Gasoline used in agriculture LPG used in agriculture Ground Water Recharge Runoff Crop Yield Energy inputs water outputs water inputs land output Land inputs 9/18/2019 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH

ENERGY: List of sectors, commodities and abbreviations Sector name Sector abbreviation Commodity name Commodity abbreviation Agriculture AGR Biomass BIO Kerosene KER Commerce COM Charcoal CHC Liquid petroleum gas LPG Industry IND Coal COA Natural gas NGS Power PWR Crude oil CRU Other hydro carbons OHC Residential RES Diesel DSL Petroleum coke PCK Transformation UPS Geothermal GEO Solar energy SOL Transport TRA Gasoline GSL Uranium URN Heat HET Waste WAS Fuel Oil HFO Wind energy WND Hydro HYD Notable exception: Electricity before transmission (ELC001) and after transmission (ELC002)

Water and Land Use: List of sectors, commodities and abbreviations Sector name Sector abbreviation Commodity name Commodity abbreviation Agriculture AGR WATSUR Surface water PWRWAT Water used in power sector Commerce COM AGRWAT Water used in agriculture RESWATR Water used in residential sector rural Industry IND AGRELC agriculture electricity demand (includes fishing) RESWATU Water used in residential sector urban Power PWR COMELC Electricity used in the commercial sector UPSWAT Water used in transformation sector Residential RES WATNAG Water for non-agricultural uses LND Land COMWAT Water used in commercial sector LNDAGR Agricultural land INDWAT Water used in industrial sector AGRDSL Diesel used in agriculture

Water and Land Use: List of sectors, commodities and abbreviations Commodity name Commodity abbreviation AGRGSL Gasoline used in agriculture CRP002 Crop 2 AGRLPG LPG used in agriculture CRP003 Crop 3 WATPRC Precipitation water CRP004 Crop 4 WATEVT Evapotranspiration LNDFOR Forested land WATGRD Groundwater recharge LNDMPA Permanent meadows and pastures WATRUN Runoff water LNDOTH Other land CRP001 Crop 1 WATENV Environmental water flow

Hydrological cycle Source: California Ag Water Stewardship Initiative Here it’s good to give an introduction of the whole water cycle and say that you gather averages for each land category. (Click for the circle on IRR land to appear) Let’s now focus on a single land category; that of irrigated land. And let’s assume that a single crop is grown here. Source: California Ag Water Stewardship Initiative

Example - Water balance in a maize field Inputs Outputs Precipitation Groundwater Irrigation Runoff Evapo-transpiration Energy By drawing our boundaries around a small maize field, we can analyze the water balance of this system. Inputs in terms of water include precipitation and irrigation. Outputs include losses to groundwater sources, runoff, evapotranspiration, and of course the resulting crop. Crop production

Example – Material flows in a maize field Let’s take the example of 1 kha of irrigated corn field. During a period of one year, the farmer estimated the following flows on this piece of land. In terms of water inputs: 18.3 million m3 as precipitation and 5.4 million m3 as irrigation. In terms of water outputs 16.7 million m3 are lost as evapotranspiration, 3 million m3 to groundwater reservoirs and 4 million m3 as runoff. Energy requirements to operate various pieces of machinery include: 228 GJ of diesel, 24 GJ of gasoline and 25 GJ of LPG. Finally, the annual crop yield of this land amounts to 2,080 tonnes of maize. Going beyond water, we can look at the material flows in a plot of agricultural land. Suggestions to Vignesh: >Instead of 1000 ha just use one, so that the values are smaller. >Instead of all fuels, just use one as an example. >Double-check the numbers. Your spreadsheet has weird units, and sometimes no units. The yield seems to be extremely low. (the output activity ratio for this should be tonnes/kHA; nothing else)

Example – Material flows in a maize field Water Inputs 1000 ha of land Water Outputs ✓ 18.3 million m3 as precipitation ✓ 16.7 million m3 as ET ✓ 5.4 million m3 as irrigation ✓ 3 million m3 to groundwater ✓ 4 million m3 as runoff Energy Inputs ✓ 228 GJ diesel Crop Yield ✓ 24 GJ gasoline ✓ 2,080 tonnes of maize ✓ 25 GJ LPG

CLEW template model: diagram of the water & land use representation Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development 12-30 June 2017, ICTP, Trieste. Organizers: UNDESA, UNDP, ICTP, Cambridge University, KTH