NOTES: Schoology: Physics (either 4 th or 7 th )  FOLDER: Units of Study  FOLDER: Unit 1: Kinematics in One Dimension and Graphing Motion  Kinematics.pptx  Copy all the words in RED  You may use your cell phone to access schoology

KINEMATICS Physics

INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE OF KINEMATICS Physics deals with broad topics One of the topics mechanics – the study of motion of objects We focus on the language, principles, and laws that describe and explain the motion of objects, your efforts should center on internalizing the meaning of the information Avoid memorizing the information; and avoid abstracting the information from the physical world that it describes and explains

INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGE OF KINEMATICS Kinematics is the science of describing the motion of objects using words, diagrams, numbers, graphs, and equations. Kinematics is a branch of mechanics. The goal of any study of kinematics is to develop sophisticated mental models that serve to describe (and ultimately, explain) the motion of real-world objects. We will focus on the language of kinematics. The hope is to gain a comfortable foundation with the language that is used throughout the study of mechanics. We will become familiar with the terms scalars, vectors, distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration.

SCALARS AND VECTORS Physics is a mathematical science. Our focus is conceptual nature of physics, we will give attention to its mathematical aspect. There are words that can be used to describe moving objects (going fast, stopped, slowing down, speeding up, and turning Physics words such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration, which are associated with mathematical quantities that have strict definitions. The quantity is either a vector or a scalar. Scalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone. Vectors are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction. discussion will often begin by identifying the new quantity as being either a vector or a scalar

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Categorize each quantity as being either a vector or a scalar. 1.5 m 2.30m/s East 3.5mi North 4.20 degrees Celsius bytes Calories

DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT two quantities that may seem to mean the same thing yet have distinctly different definitions and meanings. Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during its motion.scalar quantity Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's overall change in position.vector quantity To test your understanding of this distinction, consider the motion depicted in the diagram below. A physics teacher walks 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and finally 2 meters North.

WHAT IS DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT OF SKIER?

WHAT IS THE FOOTBALL COACH’S DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT?

SPEED Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving."scalar quantity Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance. A fast-moving object has a high speed and covers a relatively large distance in a short amount of time. Contrast this to a slow-moving object that has a low speed; it covers a relatively small amount of distance in the same amount of time. An object with no movement at all has a zero speed.

VELOCITY Velocity is a vector quantity that refers to "the rate at which an object changes its position."vector quantity Imagine a person moving rapidly - steps forward back - always returning position = Zero Velocity maximize velocity must make every effort to maximize displacement Velocity is direction aware because it is a vector quantity Speed is a scalar quantity and direction unaware

CALCULATING AVERAGE SPEED AND AVERAGE VELOCITY Animation The average speed during the course of a motion is often computed using the following formula: In contrast, the average velocity is often computed using this formula Q: While on vacation, Lisa Carr traveled a total distance of 440 miles. Her trip took 8 hours. What was her average speed?

AVERAGE SPEED VERSUS INSTANTANEOUS SPEED Instantaneous Speed - the speed at any given instant in time, the speed that the speedometer reads at any given instant in time Average Speed - the average of all instantaneous speeds; found simply by a distance/time ratio, the average of all the speedometer readings during the course of the trip Moving objects don't always travel with erratic and changing speeds. A runner runs at constant speed of 6 m/s in a straight line

EXAMPLES Remember the motion of that physics teacher? that physics teacher The entire motion lasted for 24 seconds. Determine the average speed and the average velocity. The skier took 3 minutes? Avg. Speed? Avg Velocity? And the coach's? Speed = scalar quantity, is the rate at which an object covers distance.scalar quantitydistance Speed is ignorant of direction Average velocity = vector quantity; is the displacement change per time ratio.vector quantitydisplacement Average velocity is direction-aware. Animation

ACCELERATION Acceleration is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object changes its velocity.vector quantityvelocity Sports announcers will occasionally say that a person is accelerating if he/she is moving fast. Yet acceleration has nothing to do with going fast. A person can be moving very fast and still not be accelerating. Acceleration has to do with changing how fast an object is moving. If an object is not changing its velocity, then the object is not accelerating. Animation

CALCULATING THE AVERAGE ACCELERATION The average acceleration (a) of any object over a given interval of time (t) can be calculated using the equation this equation can be used to calculate the acceleration of the object whose motion is depicted by the velocity-time data table above. The velocity-time data in the table shows that the object has an acceleration of 10 m/s/s. The calculation is shown below.velocity-time data table Acceleration values are expressed in units of velocity/time. Typical acceleration units include the following: m/s/s mi/hr/s km/hr/s m/s 2

THE DIRECTION OF THE ACCELERATION VECTOR Since acceleration is a vector quantity, it has a direction associated with it. The direction of the acceleration vector depends on two things:vector quantity whether the object is speeding up or slowing down whether the object is moving in the + or – direction The general principle for determining the acceleration is: If an object is slowing down, then its acceleration is in the opposite direction of its motion.

POSITIVE & NEGATIVE ACCELERATION Displacement (x) Velocity (v)Acceleration (direction) (direction and relative change) Positive, (+) N, E, Up, rightN, E, up, rightSpeed up, (+), in + direction Slow down, (-), in - direction Negative, (-) S, W, down, left Speed up, (+), in - direction Slow down, (-), in + direction