Unit-1: Introduction to Chemistry By Dr. Chirie Sumanasekera Lecture_1 By Dr. Chirie Sumanasekera 8/9/2019

Unit-1: Introduction to Chemistry Key Concepts you must be able to answer: What is Matter? What is Chemistry? Why is it called a physical science? Why is the study of Chemistry so important? What are BASIC and APPLIED research and how do they feed off of each other? What are the different branches of chemistry? Compare and contrast between them. What is the scientific Method? What is the order of steps? Macro vs. Micro chemistry Engineering and design process

What is Matter? Matter : Anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter is made up of atoms.

What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of MATTER and its PROPERTIES. In other words, Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of the ways in which matter interacts, combines and undergoes change. Physical science: Any natural science that deals with MATTER and ENERGY. Ex: Physics and Chemistry

Scientific World Order Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Other Sciences The central science

Overlapping of Key Natural Sciences Physics Chemistry Biology Mathematics is like the language that links these natural sciences

Chemistry is Ubiquitous (Everywhere) To a Chemist: YOU are a walking bunch of matter that undergoing multiple chemical reactions The SUN is a flaming ball of Hydrogen and Helium gas This GLASS that is half full of water (to a poet), is actually completely full: half filled with water and the rest with air! This BATTERY generates power through Chemistry!

Chemistry is Ubiquitous (Everywhere) Even your thoughts are a result of chemical reactions and so is “falling in love!” The colors on a butterfly’s wings The aromas and flavors of your favorite food The hardness and clarity of a Diamond And yes, we and much of the cosmos is made up of matter or star-dust and so are you!

1.1: Major Types of Research within Natural Sciences BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH Goal: to pursue knowledge for pure curiosity Goal: Find a solution for a practical application Most of the time Basic research leads the way and applied research follows behind. Example: The bioluminescent GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein was isolated from a Marine jelly fish by a Biologist. Then, Biochemists cloned this DNA and tagged disease proteins in organisms to study protein localization in living cells. Now GFP has many biotechnology and Medical practical applications. In recent years, the US government has started funding less basic research due to misconceptions of science held by legislators. Within these two types of Chemistry research, there are 6 branches of chemistry research….

GFP: Basic research leading to many applied biochemistry applications Aequorea victoria GFP-Tagged proteins in organisms GFP protein structure https://www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/zimmer/GFP-ww/timeline.html

Major Branches in Chemistry Organic chemistry: Inorganic chemistry: Physical chemistry: Analytical chemistry: Biochemistry: Theoretical chemistry: Study of carbon containing compounds Study of non-carbon containing compounds Study of how physical properties affect the relationship between energy and matter Identifying the composition of materials (Substances) Study of chemical processes in living things Design and prediction of properties of new compounds by mathematical means

1.2: Scientific Method Scientific Method: A systematic and logical approach to solve a scientific problem Steps: Observation: a direct observation or obtained through reading peer reviewed research articles Hypothesis: Proposed explanation based on observations (THIS IS NOT A GUESS!) Experiments: design and carry out experiments, collect and ANALYZE data to arrive at a CONCLUSION Theory: Most scientists agree but can undergo change Law: Excepted scientific fact and proven by almost all scientists

Scientific Method at Work Observation Develop new Hypothesis Hypothesis Explanation based on observations Experiments To test hypothesis Hypothesis is correct Hypothesis is wrong Publish research Scientific Law Summery of many observed results and experiments over time Tested over time by scientific community Tested by others and widely accepted as true Theory can undergo slight modifications

Qualitative vs. Quantitative observations A qualitative observation does not have specific units or an amount. Ex. A very heavy metal object resembling a ball was thrown over the fence during the evening. A quantitative observation is very specific and contains units. Ex. A 10.5 kg metal object with a radius of 30 cm was thrown over the fence at 7.75pm.

1.3: Micro vs. Macro-Chemistry Chemists carry out experiments at the MICROSCOPIC or atomic level to create MACROSCOPIC products that we can use in daily lives. These products include food medicine building materials, agricultural products and many more. EXAMPLE: Asprin MACROSCOPIC Pill: bunch of molecules packed together MICROSCOPIC Single Molecule

1.4: Engineering and Design Process Select a solution (design) Thee engineering design process is a series of steps that engineers and scientists follow to come up with a solution to a problem.  It has 7 steps: Identify a problem Brainstorm Solutions Select a solution (design) Test the model Share with Public Build a model Optimize the design

Summary Matter: anything that takes up space and has mass Chemistry is the study of matter and its interaction. Chemistry is a physical science as it deals with physical properties of matter Chemistry is divided into biochemistry, Organic Chemistry, inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, analytical Chemistry and theoretical chemistry The goal of applied research is to find solutions practical real world issues whereas the goal of basic research is the pursuit of knowledge/curiosity The scientific method is a logical and systematic approach to solve a scientific problem