Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry
1.1 Chemistry Matter is anything that has ____________ and takes up _____________. What is Chemistry? *Because living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events.
Areas of Study (Page 8 in Text) Five traditional areas of study: 1. Organic Chemistry 2. Inorganic Chemistry 3. Biochemistry 4. Analytical Chemistry 5. Physical Chemistry
Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure chemistry-the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake Applied chemistry-research that is directed toward a practical goal or application *Pure research can lead directly to an application, but an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works. Example: Nylon, Aspirin, Technology
Why should we study chemistry? Explain the natural world Prepare for a career Be an informed citizen Knowledge
Chemists design materials to fit specific needs 1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide Chemists design materials to fit specific needs Often inspired by nature *Macroscopic world *Microscopic world
Energy Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy. Conservation? Production? Storage?
Medicine and Biotechnology Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.
Agriculture Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.
The Environment Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution.
The Universe Chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth.
1.3 Thinking like a Scientist 1928, Alexander Fleming Chemistry – Alchemy (Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals) Antoine Lavoisier (late 1700s) helped transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement it is today. (O2 required for a material to burn)
The Scientific Method A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem State the problem Collect information Hypothesis Experiment Make observations/Data collection Conclusion-accept or reject hypothesis
Experiment Procedure used to test a hypothesis Variables/factors that can change a. Independent variable (manipulated) – the variable that you ____________ during an experiment b. Dependent variable (responding) – the variable that is _________________ during the experiment *the experiment must produce the same result no matter how many times it is repeated, or by whom.
Theory A well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations Scientific Law -a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments When can a hypothesis become a theory?