Pre-European Native Societies Period 1: (1491-1607)

Thematic Learning Objectives Focus of AP Exam Questions: MIG-2.0: Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the U.S., and explain how migration has affected American life. GEO-1.0: Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.

Main Idea Different Native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.

The First Americans Bering Strait – land bridge  10,000 yrs. Before Columbus

Civilizations of the South (Central and South America) Mexico (Aztecs) Tenochtitlan. Components of their civilization: Public buildings (large structures), irrigation systems, roads, extensive trade networks. How powerful were they? Who were their slaves? Religion? Inca (Peru) Andes Mountains. Similar components of Mexico. Slavery was common and an important institution in Aztecs culture. It was different than the modern concept of slavery. It was not racially based nor was it a permanent condition. There were various ways a individual became a slave: being captured in war, 2) committing certain crimes, especially theft, and by 3) voluntarily entering into slavery because od debts 4) being sold by one's parents again primarily because of debts.

Tenochtitlan

Civilizations of the North (Present day U.S.) Not developed like civilizations of the South. Adapted to diverse environments. Civilizations we’ll talk about: Great Basin, Great Plains. Northeast, Miss. River Valley, Atlantic seaboard. Northwest, present day California. Southwest.

Great Basin, Great Plains Arid region. Most effective lifestyle? Resources? Important Spanish contribution later on. Tribes include: Shoshone, N/S Paiute, Nez Perce.

Shoshone Indian Tribe Nez Perce Indians

What’s the difference in the paintings?

Northeast, Miss. River Valley, Atlantic seaboard Forests and woodlands. Most effective lifestyle? Benefits of Mississippi River Valley? Northeast nomadic farming/hunting. Tribes include: Iroquois, Algonquians. Powhatan

Northwest, present day California Most effective lifestyle? Social hierarchy. Tribes include: Chinook.

Chinook Indians

Southwest Most effective lifestyle? How did this arid region support this lifestyle? Tribes include: Pueblo.

Pueblo

Tribes to read about: Shoshone. Chinook. Pueblo. Iroquois, Algonquians. Chinook. Pueblo.

Misunderstandings/Issues Gender  Matrilineal Land  Private Property Religion  Animism/Polytheistic

Revolutionized life in Europe, Africa, & Americas Columbian Exchange Revolutionized life in Europe, Africa, & Americas

Reasons for Exploration 3 Goals Gold & Silver Military Competition Spread of Christianity

Impacts Americans  Europe & Africa Europe  America Europe  Africa Maize, Potato, Tomato Impact: Population Explosion Europe  America Wheat, Rice, Horses, Chickens, Oxen Impact: Disease, New Social class (Mestizos) Horse, Encomienda System Europe  Africa Slavery

Encomienda system Spanish settlers granted Indian lands and labor. (Land still owned by Spain). Marshalled Lifestyle for Natives Plantation-based agriculture on haciendas. Extract precious metals. Who were likely to receive encomiendas from the Spanish crown? What do the natives get out of it??? How were they treated???

Encomienda system What can be another name for the encomienda system? Who gradually replaces Indian slave labor? How did encomienda end and repartimiento emerge? Opposition of views. Juan de Sepulveda (anti-Indian/savages) Bartolome de las Casas (pro-native) Emergence of mestizos. Resistance by the Natives to European encroachment Maroon Communities

African Slave Trade Rising European demand for sugarcane. Western coast of Africa. Western African kingdoms. Atlantic Slave Trade … Make sure you take notes. Encroachment Autonomy

Caste System (Las Castas) Diverse population in 16- 17th century in the Americas. Penninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mullatos Africans What can you tell me about Spanish America society?

Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6E9WU9TGrec &index=1&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG 7ObzO7s

Key Question How did the spread of Maize cultivation from present-day Mexico to civilizations in North America support the following…. Economic development? Settlement? Advanced irrigation? Social diversification among societies?