The future of work and employment GLORIA Workshop: Global corporate value chains and innovation networks in the fourth industrial era: new models of production and work organisation The future of work and employment Irene Mandl Brussels, 17 May 2019

About Eurofound Established in 1975 Based in Dublin Brussels Liaison Office Budget of € 20.5 million (2018) 91 staff members EU agency

Evolution on the labour market The future world of work Digitalisation New business models New forms of employment

What is a ‘New form of employment? Employment relationship - 1:n - n:1 - n:n Networking among self-employed Work patterns - Discontinuity - Intermittent - Non-conventional fixed term Non-conventional workplace (e.g. ‘around’, own-office, etc.) Support of ICT (e.g. mobile phone, iPad, etc.) Irrespective of legal basis, collective agreement, type of contract Irrespective of sector and occupation National perspective Newly emerging or of increasing importance Since about 2000

New forms of employment Overview

Impact on working conditions

Effect of new forms of employment on working conditions and the labour market

Categorisation of self-employed in Europe 32 million (% within self-employed) EU28 workforce 220.7 million Employees 188.7 million (86%) Self-employed 32 million (14%)

Heterogeneity among self-employment types Necessity vs. opportunity driven Decision making power Employing staff Income levels Number of clients Working hours Risk to lose the job Career potential Heterogeneity among self-employment types

Global value chains – a role for SMEs?

Born globals Specialised, highly innovative, intensive international activities Small national market size as main internationalisation driver Engage in different internationalisation modes at the same time Variety of roles of the born globals in the supply chains Realised benefits of the cooperation for both born globals and their cooperation partners Employment and working conditions Competitiveness and business case R&D and innovation

Digital technologies in the workplace Automation Digitisation Platforms

Brief overview Automation Digitisation Platforms What is it? Examples Challenges for work and employment Automation HR tasks REPLACED by machines Robotics, drones, Artificial Intelligence Job polarisation, work organisation, skill demands Digitisation Digital Production PROCESSES Internet of Things, VR, 3D printing Fragmentation of jobs, contractual arrangements, privacy Platforms COORDINATION Matching of supply and demand Transport, delivery, online services Work organisation, fragmentation, employment status

Some concluding pointers for future work and employment Technology as ONE driver, but also societal and economic trends Common effects Potential for structural change on the labour market Job destruction and creation Changes in occupations, tasks Understanding and meaningfulness of jobs Increasing diversity of employment and working conditions Implications on, e.g. Flexibility and autonomy Workplace integration Stress and work intensity – health and well-being Skills Workers‘ rights and entitlements Challenges e.g. for HRM and work organisation Education and training provision Labour law (employment status) Social protection and wellfare systems Representation Data and privacy protection, IPR

Thank you for your attention! Irene Mandl Irene.Mandl@eurofound.europa.eu Publications at https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications