Emerging Animal Diseases 13th Australasia/Oceania Commonwealth Veterinary Association Regional Meeting and Workshop Apia, Samoa, 17-21 November 2008 T. Fujita OIE Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific

Content What are Emerging Animal Diseases (EADs)? Recent cases of EADs/Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) Why EADs/TADs? Socio-economic impacts Necessary measures for EADs/TADs and needs for Preparedness and Responses Roles of Veterinary Services OIE’s functions GF-TADs Regional activities for EADs/TADs Prevention and Control by OIE Asia-Pacific (2008) Summary

Emerging Diseases 　　Emerging Animal Disease is a new infection resulting from the evolution or change of an existing pathogenic agent, a known infection spreading to a new geographic area or population, or a previously unrecognized pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time, and which has a significant impact on animal or public health.

Recent Cases of Emeerging/Transboudnary Animal Diseases <Transmissible> Avian Influenza (AI; especially HPAI) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Classical Swine Fever (CFS) Newcastle Disease (ND) Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Rinderpest Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Rift Valley Fever, etc. <Zoonoses>

Why Emerging/Transboundary Animal Diseases? Globalization/borderless era; Increase of travelling, international trade (including unrestricted trade of animals; both domestic and wild; and animal products) Expansion of human population, esp. into areas not previously inhabited, Environmental changes; Global climate change =vectors Changes of agricultural production systems Microbiological adaptation <e.g. HPAI> Restructuring consumerism Others

Socio-economic impacts EADs/TADs; Threats to animal and human health <Zoonoses> Continuous threat to livestock producers and increased uncertainty on stability of production management Strong negative impacts on animal productivity and economic losses; both for the individual producers and public, including food security Food safety and consumers’ concerns and confidence in food <Zoonoses> Loss of trading opportunities; also food security Socio-economic confusion (e.g. HPAI in Asia and spread to other regions) Necessity of public intervention and of international and regional cooperation

Necessary measures for EADs/TADs Nature of EADs Early detection through accurate diagnosis and surveillance Transparent and timely notification of disease occurrences at national and international levels Quick response, for disease control and prevention Strengthening of national and regional/international epidemiological networking Early warning system to support appropriate disease preparedness and control measures

Roles of Veterinary Services A public good; important roles by VSs and need to be strengthened, including human and financial resources, Legislation for animal health and its enforcement Rapid detection (diagnosis), Surveillance, and Quick response Transparent and timely notification OIE PVS tool; designed to assist VSs to identify gaps and strengths/weakness of their ability to comply with OIE International standards on animal health, to form a shared vision with stakeholders and to establish priorities and to carry out strategic initiatives, etc. OIE Projects to strengthen capacity of Veterinary Services in Asia and the Pacific (e.g. OIE Meetings/Workshops/Hands-on Trainings, OIE/JTF HPAI Project; Phase I and II)

Rapid detection and responses Rapid detection of and early responses to EADs/TADs; Essential Constraints<Lack of human and financial resources, Deficiency in Veterinary infrastructure including Legal framework and its enforcement, Diagnostic capability and Surveillance, Communication, etc.> Preparedness and response capability; Availability of Veterinary capacity & infrastructure Strengthen Veterinary Services; Crucial

Preparedness for Appropriate Responses Recognition of Nature of EADs/TADs – borderless 2. Capacity building of Veterinary Services <e.g. Human resources development including training> *diagnosis <laboratory> and surveillance for rapid detection, *setting-up epidemiological networks for detecting, *information systems and networking *developing early warning systems (awareness and preparedness) *early response; organizing control measures for effective programmes Strengthen animal health infrastructure; e.g. Communication links; e.g. with producers and other stakeholders, laboratory technologies (staff), humane culling, compensation, need for strategic vaccination, linkages between local (field) and central authorities, etc. Transparent and timely notification of animal disease occurrences; Credibility of the affected country

5. Relationship between trading partners and with neighboring countries 6. Strengthen international or regional research efforts to avoid creation of an environment of speculation, fear or mistrust due to lack of scientific knowledge 7. Strengthen/improve Legal framework (legislation) for further effective prevention and control measures <gaps between legislation and its enforcement> 8. Strengthen linkages and collaboration between animal health and public health authorities (zoonoses, to reduce health risks in humans and animals)

OIE at a glance by 28 countries predates the UN World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Intergovernmental organisation founded in 1924 by 28 countries predates the UN 172 Member Countries Headquarters in Paris 5 Regional Representations (in Tokyo, Japan for Asia and the Pacific)

Objectives and Functions of OIE (1) To ensure transparency in the global animal disease situation *OIE Early Warning Systems (for listed diseases) 2. To collect, analyse and disseminate scientific veterinary information *Information for preparedness, control and eradication of diseases *Improve data quality at the field level (depending on Surveillance systems set up by National Veterinary Services) 3. To contribute expertise and encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases. *Network of OIE Collaborating Centres and OIE Reference Laboratories *Provide technical support to Member Countries in animal disease control and eradication operations.

Within its mandate under the WTO SPS Agreement, to safeguard world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals and animal products *OIE’s normative documents relating to rules that Member Countries can use to protect themselves from the introduction of diseases and pathogens, without setting up unjustified sanitary barriers. - OIE Code -OIE Manual *OIE standards being recognized by WTO as reference international sanitary rules To improve the legal framework and resources of National Veterinary Services *Strengthening Veterinary Services and laboratories including infrastractures, resources and capabilities. * Veterinary Services as a Global Public Good and as a public investment priority. * Evaluation of Veterinary Services to support further functions

*OIE’s standard-setting activities focusing on eliminating 6. To provide a better guarantee of the safety of food of animal origin and to promote animal welfare through a science-based approach (1) Food Safety *OIE’s standard-setting activities focusing on eliminating potential hazards (before the slaughter of animals or the primary processing of their products that could be a source of risk for consumers) 　*greater synergy (OIE + Codex Alimentarius Commission) (2) Animal Welfare *OIE’s key role as the sole international reference organization for animal health, and because of the close relationship between animal health and animal welfare (Animal welfare Guidelines; adopted in 2005)

What measures are appropriate for EADs/TADs control? What diseases should be selected for the International and Regional collaboration for EADs/TADs control? What kinds of measures/mechanisms are appropriate? Which institutes should be involved in practical functions of EADs/TADs control? What level of control measures is more suitable for international and regional cooperation? Cost effective for control TADs? How are Regional consensus obtained for activities?

Background and Mechanism of GF-TADs The Global Framework for the progressive control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs) A joint FAO/OIE initiative combining the strengths of both the organizations to achieve common objectives Facilitate mechanism to empower Regional alliances in the fight against Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) By providing capacity building and assisting in establishing programmes for the specific control of certain TADs based on Regional priorities

Joint FAO/OIE Secretariat Regional Cooperation & Joint Global Programme Components OIE HQ Steering Committee OIE/FAO/Donors FAO (AGA) Global Management Committee Joint FAO/OIE Secretariat Five Regional Commissions Regional OIE Regional Representations/FAO Regional Structure Regional Steering Committees/Permanent Secretariat Rep. of CVOs, FAO, OIE, Regional Specialised Organizations (RSOs), Specific donors 　Sub-regional RSU RSU RSU National FAO;AGA and Nat.Rep; OIE; Delegates; RSOs, Others

Targeted Diseases in Asia-Pacific Region HPAI (Southeast Asia, South Asia and Pacific) FMD (Southeast Asia, South Asia and Pacific) CSF (Southeast Asia and Pacific) PPR (South Asia) *Diseases tentatively for the Pacific

GF-TADs Sub-Regional Mechanism In Asia and the Pacific GF-TADs Regional Steering Committee In Asia and the Pacific RSO ASEAN, SAARC, and SPC Permanent Secretariat (OIE Asia-Pacific) ASEAN – Functional RSU (Jakarta), SAARC-Kathmandu, SPC-(Functional RSU; Fiji) RSU Epidemiological network Laboratory network HPAI Lab. (Malaysia, Pakistan) FMD Lab (Thailand, India) CSF Lab. (Vietnam) PPR Lab. (Bangladesh) Attached to RSU for targeted diseases

Regional activities for EADs/TADs Prevention and Control by OIE Asia-Pacific (2008)

Emerging Animal Diseases: Recent Control/Prevention Activities for EADs/TADs by OIE Asia-Pacific (Examples) Emerging Animal Diseases: FAVA/OIE Session; Bangkok, Thailand, October 2008 Overall EADs/TADs 2. Communication: OIE Regional Seminar on Communication, Bangkok, Thailand, October 2008; Appropriate ways of Communication and sending messages on Animal health, Animal health panic, etc. Veterinary Professionals, Communication units, Private Sector, Mass media

3. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI): 3-1 OIE/Japan Special Trust Fund Projects (JSTF) for strengthening PAI Control in Southeast Asia (2006-2007) Capacity building (Control Strategies, Diagnosis and Surveillance, Procurement of Laboratory equipment and materials, etc.) 3-2 OIE/JSTF Project in Asia (Phase II; 2008-2009) Inception meetings (Tokyo, April 2008) Plan of training courses and procurement of laboratory equipment and materials 3-3 OIE/JTF 5 year Project in Asia (2008-2012) Inception Meeting (Tokyo, April 2008), Expert Group Meeting (Tokyo, October 2008) and Animal Health Information Networking (Tokyo, November 2008) Activities in Asian countries ①Strengthening Information Networking in Asia 　 ②Strengthening capacity of Veterinary Services 　 ③Surveillance of wild birds and domestic animals along migratory flyways, and Strengthening data-base at OIE Reference Lab.

4. Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS): OIE Regional PRRS Meeting, Hanoi, Vietnam, September 2008; Diagnosis and Control of Conventional types + A new Variant (Highly Pathogenic, in China, Vietnam/ others?) 5. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): OIE/FAO Regional Workshop on CSF, Manila, Philippines, July 2008 Development of CSF Control Strategies at Sub-Regional level 6. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and other Prion diseases: Hands-on laboratory training workshop on BSE, now to scientific network in Asia (yearly Workshops jointly organized with FAO so far, and in Qingdao, PR China, September 2008) Updated information on BSE, TSEs and Pathway for BSE freedom declaration

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): 7. Brucellosis: OIE/FAO-APHCA Regional Workshop on Brucellosis diagnosis and control, Chiang Mai, Thailand, October 2008 Diagnosis and control of Brucellosis, focusing on B. melitensis, in Asia and the Pacific Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): Zoning and Animal Movement Management; Upper Mekong Working Group Meeting (Chiang Lai, Thailand, Janualry 2008) and Lower Mekong Working Group Meeting (Vientiane, Laos, November 2008) Zoning and Animal Movement Management for FMD control in Southeast Asia 9. Aquatic Animal Health: OIE/NACA Regional Workshop on Aquatic animal health, Bangkok, Thailand, March 2008 Aquatic animal disease control and Information systems Veterinary and Fisheries authorities

Summary Control and prevention of Emerging/transboundary animal diseases (EADs/TADs): Base for (1) mitigation of animal and/or human health risks, (2) sustainable agriculture development, and (3) thus for economic growth, particularly of developing countries through reduction of damaging effects of infectious animal diseases and through promotion of safe trade in animals and animal products. Animal disease control: Closely linked with food security, poverty reduction and future prosperity of human life.

International cooperation on animal health: Fundamental to achieve such important functions of disease control Difficulty to tackle and eradicate the diseases by single countries, Nature of emerging/transboundary diseases. Islands and islets: (1) Opportunity to prevent such animal diseases through an appropriate import/export animal quarantine measures, (2) nevertheless strengthening veterinary services are crucial.

Thank you for your attention!!