From Education in Chinese to Chinese Language Teaching in Thailand Zhang Xizhen Two Concepts First Emerging and Falling down of Education in Chinese (1918-1944) Second emerging and Falling down of Education in Chinese(1945-1988) Chinese Language Teaching after 1980’s

I. Two Concepts “Education in Chinese”（中文教育） and “Chinese teaching”（汉语教学，中文教学） Education in Chinese before 1980s Chinese teaching after 1980s Education in Chinese Students: children of Overseas Chinese in Thailand Classroom language: Chinese Goal of the education: to set up China’s identity in students’ minds as a Chinese School: Private Chinese schools

Chinese Language Teaching Students: children of Chinese Thais in Thailand Classroom language: Thai language Goal of the education: learning Chinese as one of foreign language School: common public schools and private schools Different meaning in nature “Education in Chinese”：learn native language “Chinese teaching”: learn foreign language Demarcation line: 1970s

First Emerging and Falling down of Education in Chinese (1918-1944) Emerging of education in Chinese Emerging 1918: private school regulation 1921: 30 schools 1928: 188 schools 1932: 200 schools 1938: about 300 schools Reasons Increasing of second generation of overseas Chinese Associations of Overseas Chinese built many schools Oversea Chinese businessmen financed education Rama VI encouraged Chinese education The government of Republic of China provided training of teachers

Falling down From 1938 to 1944: 240 schools were reduced to 2 Reason Most school were closed Reason Piboom took over power by military coup He pushed Thai nationalism Suppressed Overseas Chinese Chinese newspapers and schools were closed Education in Chinese was moved to underground Leaning groups ( students less than 7) at home

III. Second emerging and Falling down of Education in Chinese(1945-1988) Emerging again From 1945 to 1946: Schools: up to 500 Students: 17500 By 1948: students: 60000 Education in Chinese was expanded to Middle school Reasons Piboom was replaced by The Free Thai government in 1944 that changed anti-Chinese policy China became a victory power after the World War II which encouraged Chinese China’s government provided support and aid (1946)

Falling down again Reasons 1948: 462 schools 1972: 162 schools 1978: Chinese teaching was limited in first four years in primary schools and 5 hours a day All Chinese schools were changed into ones like public schools No more education in Chinese Reasons Piboom came to power again in 1947 and resumed his Thai nationalism Confrontation between Thailand and China Parents’ interests turned from Chinese to English with globalization

IV. Chinese Language Teaching after 1980’s Transformation period (1970s and 1980s) Education in Chinese was changed into Chinese language teaching Early emerging of Chinese language teaching (1988-2006) Emerging 1978: Prince Songkla University: first bachelor degree in Chinese language 1996: Chulalongkorn University set up master progam in Chinese 2006: 71 universities offer Chinese teaching programs

Reasons Government’s adjustment of policy under pressure from public Former Primer Minister appealed 1992: new proposal on Chinese teaching was approved by the parliament Chinese was treated a foreign language to teach like English in all universities Chinese language teaching can be expended to grade 5 and 6 Hours of teaching are increased. Chinese teaching is encouraged in all schools 1998: Chinese was listed as one of foreign languages required for university admission exams

Unprecedented period of Chinese teaching(2006-present) Manifestation 2011: about 2000 schools offered Chinese course and 700000 learning Chinese 2018: second foreign language, about 1000000 learning Reasons Chinese influence was rising strongly with economic growing rapidly China’s government’s support and aid Confucius institutes and class were widely set up( 15，18 ) Chinese volunteers (2000） Thai governments supports and aids More important is royal family, especially Princess Sirindhorn

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