Click on one of the following icons to go to that resource. Chapter Resources Click on one of the following icons to go to that resource. earth.msscience.com Image Bank Foldables Video Clips and Animations Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Standardized Test Practice

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Image Bank Flooded Field

Image Bank Steep Slope

Image Bank Gullies

Image Bank Stream Erosion

Image Bank Drainage Basins

Image Bank Rapids

Image Bank Slow Stream

Image Bank Meander

Image Bank Flood Damage

Image Bank Channeled Scablands

Image Bank Delta

Image Bank Soil Composition

Image Bank Groundwater System

Image Bank Permeable Rock

Image Bank Hot Springs

Image Bank Geyser

Image Bank Cave Interior

Image Bank Sinkhole

Image Bank Shoreline

Image Bank Rocky Shoreline

Image Bank Sandy Beach

Characteristics of Surface Water, Groundwater, and Shoreline Water Foldables Characteristics of Surface Water, Groundwater, and Shoreline Water Make the following Foldable to help you identify the main concepts relating to surface water, groundwater, and shoreline water.

Foldables Fold the top of a vertical piece of paper down and the bottom up to divide the paper into thirds.

Foldables Turn the paper horizontally; unfold and label the three columns as shown.

Foldables Read for Main Ideas As you read the chapter, list the concepts relating to surface water, groundwater, shoreline water.

Video Clips Click image to view movie.

Reviewing Main Ideas 1 Surface Water Rainwater that does not soak into the ground is pulled down the slope by gravity. This water is called runoff. Runoff can erode sediment. Factors such as steepness of slope and number and type of plants affect the amount of erosion. Rill, gully, and sheet erosion are types of surface water erosion caused by runoff.

Reviewing Main Ideas 1 Surface Water Runoff generally flows into streams that merge with larger rivers until emptying into a lake or ocean. Major river systems usually contain several different types of streams. Young streams flow through steep valleys and have rapids and waterfalls. Mature streams flow through gentler terrain and have less energy. Old streams are often wide and meander across their floodplains.

Reviewing Main Ideas 2 Groundwater When water soaks into the ground, it becomes part of a vast groundwater system. Although rock may seem solid, many types are filled with connected spaces called pores. Such rocks are permeable and can contain large amounts of groundwater.

Ocean Shoreline 3 Ocean shorelines are always changing. Reviewing Main Ideas 3 Ocean Shoreline Ocean shorelines are always changing. Waves and currents have tremendous amounts of energy, which break up rocks into tiny fragments called sediment. Over time, the deposition and relocation of sediment can change beaches, sandbars, and barrier islands.

Question 1 Answer What is sheet erosion? Chapter Review Question 1 What is sheet erosion? Answer Sheet erosion occurs when water flowing as sheets picks up and carries away sediments.

Question 2 Answer Describe the difference between deltas and fans. Chapter Review Question 2 Describe the difference between deltas and fans. Answer Deltas are formed by the deposition of sediment where water empties into an ocean or lake. If the water empties from a mountain valley onto an open plain, the deposit is called an alluvial fan.

Question 3 A(n) __________ is a hot spring that erupts periodically. Chapter Review Question 3 A(n) __________ is a hot spring that erupts periodically. A. aquifer B. current C. geyser D. water table

Chapter Review Answer The answer is C. When groundwater is heated to high temperatures, it expands underground. The expansion forces some of the water out of the ground, and remaining water boils and turns into steam.

Question 4 Answer What causes a sinkhole to form? Chapter Review Question 4 What causes a sinkhole to form? Answer Sinkholes form when the roof of a cave collapses or material near the surface dissolves. They are common in areas that have large amounts of limestone.

Chapter Review Question 5 __________ form in places where the water table is so close to Earth’s surface that water flows out. A. Aquifers B. Springs C. Streams D. Wells

Chapter Review Answer The answer is B. If magma rises close to Earth’s surface in these locations, hot springs form.

Question 1 In this diagram, the arrows at B represent the Standardized Test Practice Question 1 In this diagram, the arrows at B represent the direction of ___________. A. barrier movement B. longshore currents C. runoff D. tides

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is B. Longshore currents run parallel to the shoreline; tides create currents that move at right angles to the shore.

Question 2 The outlined areas on the map represent __________. Standardized Test Practice Question 2 The outlined areas on the map represent __________. A. drainage basins B. river deltas C. stream channels D. water tables

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is A. Drainage basins are the areas of land from which streams or rivers collect runoff. The largest drainage basin in the United States is the Mississippi River drainage basin.

Question 3 Which is represented at A? A. aquifer B. bed load Standardized Test Practice Question 3 Which is represented at A? A. aquifer B. bed load C. meander D. suspended load

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is D. The suspended load consists of lightweight sediments that the water picks up and carries along. B represents the bed load, made up of larger particles that roll along the bottom of the stream channel.

Question 4 The arrows in the diagram represent the __________. Standardized Test Practice Question 4 The arrows in the diagram represent the __________. A. drainage basin B. impermeable layer C. stream channel D. zone of saturation

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is D. The area where all of the pores in the rock are filled with water is the zone of saturation. The upper surface of the zone of saturation is the water table.

Question 5 Where is the water table located? A. A B. B C. C D. D Standardized Test Practice Question 5 Where is the water table located? A. A B. B C. C D. D

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is C. The upper surface of the zone of saturation is the water table.

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