Alexander Stephens’ Cornerstone Speech … (March 21, 1861) “Our new government is founded upon exactly [this] idea; its foundations are laid, its corner- stone rests upon the great truth, that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery -- subordination to the superior race -- is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth.”

Battle of Antietam (Maryland) Location of Battle Date: Sept. 17, 1862

Overview - Battle of Antietam Confederates attempt a victory on northern soil; Union repels advance; and Army of Northern Virginia withdraws Possible foreign recognition … (Great Britain or possibly France) Leads to the Emancipation Proclamation!!

General Burnside

Analyzing the Emancipation Proclamation Turn to page 933 and read the “Emancipation Proclamation” answering these questions but you do not have to write these in your notes. (1) What is the main purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation? (2) How long shall these slaves remain free? (3) What does “the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons” mean?

Emancipation Proclamation Who is freed by the Emancipation Proclamation? Slaves in the South, not the border states What did it achieve? Technically, did not immediately free any slaves Pledged the Union Army to assist in freeing slaves Encouraged African Americans to join Union Army By what powers did President Lincoln achieve this? “War Powers” outlined in Constitution as Commander-in-Chief How did this change the war for the Union? Means the North is fighting to save the Union and is fighting to abolish slavery

What is President Lincoln’s Principle Objective for War? Letter to Horace Greeley of “New York Tribune” on Aug. 22, 1862: Lincoln states, “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I don't believe it would help to save the Union.”

Gettysburg Address (1) What does “conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal” mean? What document is he referencing? (2) What characteristic do you think President Lincoln is conveying when he says these sentences, “But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate – we cannot consecrate – we cannot hallow … The world will little note nor long remember what we say here …?” (3) What does President Lincoln mean by saying “they gave the last full measure of devotion?” (4) What does President Lincoln mean by saying “government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth?”

The University of Virginia in Charlottesville was founded by Thomas Jefferson.

Declaration of Independence (Preamble) “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness, and that to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed … “ -- Thomas Jefferson, 1776

Read the handout, answering … How can the Civil War be considered a Revolution?

Why the Civil War was a Revolution? (1) Destruction of the South ¼ of white, male Southerners killed Southern wealth decreases by 60% during 1860’s 1860, total South’s share of national wealth was 30%; by 1870, it’s 12% 1860, average Southerner’s income was 2/3’s of Northerners; by 1870, it’s 2/5’s of a Northerner (2) 620,000 casualties because of the war in a nation of 50 million people (3) 13th Amendment - Slavery no longer existed in the nation

Interesting Facts About the War 2/3’s of Southerners did not own slaves. In 1860, if the Confederacy were an independent nation, it would have had the fourth largest economy in the world. However, by 1865, its exports of cotton dropped by 95%.