Major pathways of anaerobic energy metabolism in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, whereby the suggestions for their compartmentation are still putative. Major pathways of anaerobic energy metabolism in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, whereby the suggestions for their compartmentation are still putative. The map was redrawn based on data reported previously (331). This typical soil inhabitant can produce oxygen but is often faced with anoxic conditions in nature (331). When grown anaerobically, C. reinhardtii generates virtually the same end products as those generated by Trichomonas but utilizing pyruvate:formate lyase, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, lactate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate decarboxylase (357). The localization of fermentative pathways leading to the formation of acetate, ethanol, and formate end products has yet to be fully clarified. Abbreviations: CI to CIV, respiratory complexes I to IV; UQ, ubiquinone; C, cytochrome c; A, ATPase; Fd, ferredoxin; [1], pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; [4], hydrogenase; [6], pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; [9], pyruvate kinase; [12], lactate dehydrogenase; [22], pyruvate:formate lyase; [25], alcohol dehydrogenase E; [32], pyruvate decarboxylase; [33], alcohol dehydrogenase (NADH dependent); [39], phosphotransacetylase; [40], acetate kinase. The photograph shows Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, with a length of ca. 10 μm. (Photograph courtesy of Cytographics Inc., Victoria, Australia.)‏ Miklós Müller et al. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2012; doi:10.1128/MMBR.05024-11