α β γ σ ρ ε ζ τ Eudicots Angiosperms (ca. 400,000 species) Monocots green plants land plants vascular plants seed plants flowering plants diversification of angiosperms ANA ε Ginkgo Taxus Pinus Cedrus Sequoia Welwitschia Ephedra Lycophytes (ca. 1200 species) Physcomitrium sp. Chlorophytes (ca. 4300 species) 100 200 300 400 1500 -700 Mya 500 AGF Charophytes (ca. 12,000 species) Sphagnum sp. Physcomitrella Monilophytes (ca. 13,000 species) Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event Vitis (grapevine) Solanum (tomato, potato) Arabidopsis Carica (papaya) Populus (poplar) Linum (flax) Brassica (kale, rapeseed) Glycine (soybean) Malus (apple tree) Musa (banana) Oryza (rice) Triticum (wheat) Zea (maize) β α γ ρ σ τ Nicotiana (tobacco) Petunia ζ Bryophytes (ca. 20,000 species) Gymnosperms (ca. 1000 species) Green algae ‘Pteridophytes’ Angiosperms (ca. 400,000 species) Eudicots Monocots Basal Angiosperms