ANUPAMA PRAVEEN ROLL NO:1 DEPT. OF BOTANY

Soil pollution is the abnormal alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, adversely affecting its fertility, productivity and carrying capacity.

Negative  Due to excessive utilization or excessive removal of soil resources  Soil erosion due to overgrazing  Extensive deforestation  Unplanned irrigation Positive  Due to direct introduction of undesirable substances, radioactive wastes & deposition of air pollutants through precipitation  Pollution due to excessive delivery of plastics, pesticides, synthetic fertilizers etc.

Any natural or synthetic substance capable of unfavorably affecting soil productivity. 1. Harmful chemicals - acids, cyanides, pesticides, detergents… 2. Radioactive materials - radioactive isotopes of strontium, cesium, selenium… 3. Solid wastes - garbage, plastic, rubber, metallic pieces, agricultural residues…

 Industrial wastes : From paper mills, chemical industries, textile mills, steel mills etc. It will adversely affect its productivity & carrying capacity & inflict harmful effects on soil organisms and vegetation.

 Atmospheric precipitation of acids, radionuclides & other pollutants: In the atmosphere CO2, NO, N2O, SO2 & Cl2 react with water and form their acids. Rain water brings all these chemical to the soil surface. They kill soil organisms & change basic nature of top soil.

 Residues of pesticides & fertilizers used in agricultural fields: They kill soil organisms & change chemical nature of soil. They may be carried to fresh water bodies causing water pollution.

 Combustion byproducts such as fly ash & cinders: These reduce the fertility & productivity of the soil & do harm to vegetation & soil organisms.

 Crude tipping & open dumping of urban wastes, farm wastes and domestic refuses: This introduces several kinds of organic & chemical pollutants to the soil.

 Dead bodies & carcasses: The decay of these introduces to the soil a large number of infectious organisms.

 Excreta of man and other mammals: These make the soil contaminated with several pathogens, their cysts or larvae.

 Soil erosion which causes negative soil pollution:

 Salination of soil: It is the increase in the concentration of soluble salts in the soil. It results mostly from irrigation, flood, intensive farming, poor soil drainage, excessive use of alkaline fertilizers etc.

 Changes the chemical nature of soil, adversely affects its fertility & productivity & reduces carrying capacity.  Some chemical pollutants kill soil microorganisms and cause destruction to plants & animals.  Radionuclides in the soil may cause serious radiation hazards to plants & animals.

 Soil pollution makes the soil, inland water & vegetable crops contaminated with infectious organisms & cause serious health hazards like typhoid, cholera, amoebiasis…  Increased conc. of agro-chemicals may cause cancer, genetic damages, inborn abnormalities, neurological disorders, coma & sometimes death.  Destruction of planktonic life & fish population.

 Controlled tipping & sanitary landfill of biodegradable refuses

 Burning of easily combustible refuses

 Setting up of multichamber incineration furnaces:

 Pyrolysis-Combustion of waste in the absence of O2 using intense heat:

 Composting of faeces and organic matters in pits.

 Electrical cremation of dead bodies.

 Land filling of non degradable solid wastes in low lying areas.

 Recovery & recycling of solid wastes.

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