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Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems An organ is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular function. An organ system is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function.

What are the organ systems of the human body? 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the organ systems of the human body? Lymphatic and Immune systems Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system •protects body. • provides temperature Homeostasis •synthesizes vitamin D. •receives sensory input Organ:Skin. • transport system for nutrients, waste • provides temperature, pH, and fluid homeostasis Organ: Heart • defends against infectious diseases • provides fluid • assists in absorption and transport of fats Organs: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen • ingests, digests, and processes food • absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste • involved in fluid Organs: Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas • exchanges gases at both lungs and tissues • assists in pH Organs: Lungs • excretes metabolic wastes • provides pH and fluids homeostasis Organs: Kidneys, urinary bladder Cardiovascular systems Integumentary Figure 4.13. Organ systems of the body.

What are the organ systems of the human body? 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the organ systems of the human body? • assists in movement and posture • produces heat Organs: Muscles • receives, processes, and stores sensory input • provides motor output • coordinates organ systems Organs: Brain, spinal cord • produces hormones. • cordinate organ systems • regulates metabolism and stress responce • involved fluid and pH homeostasis Organs: Testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, pineal gland Reproductive system Endocrine system Nervous system Muscular system Skeletal system • provides support and protection • stores minerals • produces blood cells Organs: Bones • produces and transports gametes • nurtures and gives birth to offspring in females Organs: Testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina Figure 4.13. Organ systems of the body.

What are the body cavities? 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the body cavities? Cranial cavity: Contains brain plurae Thoracic cavity: Contains esophagus, heart, and lungs Dorsal cavity pericardium Vertebral cavity: contains spinal cord Abdominal cavity: contains digestive and other organs peritoneum Thoracic cavity: contains heart, lungs, and esophagus diaphragm Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs b. Abdominal cavity: Contains stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines Ventral cavity Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs a. Figure 4.14. Body cavities of humans.

What about the body membranes that line the cavities? 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What about the body membranes that line the cavities? Mucous membranes – line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems Serous membranes – line the lungs, heart, and abdominal cavity and cover the internal organs; named after their location Pleura: lungs Peritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs Pericardium: heart

What about the body membranes that line the cavities? 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What about the body membranes that line the cavities? Synovial membranes – line the cavities of freely movable joints Meninges – cover the brain and spinal cord

Tissues – Tissue Donation One person’s tissues can improve the lives of as many as 50 people. Injuries from motor vehicle accidents, burst blood vessels, and drowning are common causes of brain death. Once dead, brain cells cannot recover. Brain dead is different than being in a coma or vegetative state. Tissues can be treated to remove any proteins that a person’s immune system may react to so there is no need for donor matching. Organs must be donor matched

Tissues – Tissue Donation Types of tissues Corneas Eye tissue Skin Bones Tendons Veins Heart valves

Homeostasis Maintenance of the internal conditions of an organism at some optimum level for its functioning.

4.8 Homeostasis What is homeostasis? It is the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body. The nervous and endocrine systems are key in maintaining homeostasis. Changes from the normal tolerance limits result in illness or even death.

All systems are important in maintaining homeostasis Endocrine System All systems of the body contribute to maintain homeostasis. These systems in particular are especially note worthy. Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which also regulate and coordinate the activities of other systems. Works more slowly than the nervous system. Nervous System Respiratory System Regulates and coordinates the activities of all the other systems. It responds quickly to internal and external stimuli. Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cells and rids blood of carbon dioxide. Helps regulate the acid–base balance of the blood. Cardiovascular System Urinary System Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells and transports wastes away from cells. Also transports hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. Excretes nitrogenous and other wastes. Regulates water–salt balance of the blood. Helps regulate the acid–base balance of the blood. Digestive System Lymphatic System Supplies blood with nutrients and water for tissue cells. Rids the body of nondigestible remains. Helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess tissue fluid and returning it via lymphatic vessels to the cardio vascular veins. Defends against disease. Figure 4.15. Homeostasis by the organ systems of the human body. Muscular System Integumentary System Produces heat that maintains body temperature. Protects and supports internal organs. Helps maintain body temperature and protects internal organs.

What are the mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis? Negative feedback – the output of the system resolves or corrects the original stimulus Positive feedback – brings about an increasing change in the same direction as the original stimulus

Negative feedback The primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis The output of the system dampens the original stimulus Has 2 components sensor control center Control center sends data to control center directs response to stimulus Sensor Effect negative feedback and return to normal stimulus too much Homeostasis too little Figure 4.16. Negative feedback mechanisms.

An example of negative feedback: Body temperature 4.8 Homeostasis An example of negative feedback: Body temperature Control center sends data to control center directs response to stimulus 98.6°F set point Sensor Effect Blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete. negative feedback and return to normal temperature stimulus above normal Normal body temperature below normal negative feedback and return to normal stimulus Effect Sensor Blood vessels constrict; sweat glands are inactive; shivering may occur. Control center directs response to stimulus Figure 4.18. Body temperature homeostasis. sends data to control center 98.6°F set point

4.8 Homeostasis Positive feedback A mechanism for increasing the change of the internal environment in one direction An example is the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth to continually increase uterine contractions Can be harmful such as when a fever is too high and continues to rise