Urban planning and air quality improvement in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia Master student: Enkhbaatar DAVAANYAM Supervisor: Prof.Helmut Yabar ID: 201726053 2019.01.21

Introduction World Bank (2002) suggests that urban planners need to consider the possibilities of effective socio-economic factors including creation of employment opportunities in provincial centres, as well as likely negative impact on air quality and traffic. From this air pollution sources, more than 60 percent of PM10 emits from traditional stoves, 8.61 percent from transport and other sources (JICA, 2016).

Background

Study area Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia Population: 1.5 million (2017) Average annual temperature: -0.4°C (2001-2015) Monthly minimum temperature: -26.0°C ( January ) Monthly maximum temperature : 24.8°C (July ) Recorded extreme minimum temperature: -49.0°C (1954.02) Recorded extreme maximum temperature: 39.5°C (2005) Average annual precipitation: 282.6 mm

Population Influx of low incomers Promulgation of land privatization laws After the dissolution of Soviet Union, Both the population and the urban functions become intensely concentrated in Ulaanbaatar (World Bank, 2010). The law revision of land privatization in 2002 had accelerated the growing population ( Minrue Wang et al., 2016). Up to 2016, the population in UB was more than 2 times of it in 2f 0o00. Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Air quality in Ulaanbaatar city 1030 UTC, January 12th , 2018 773μg/m3 70〜385μg/m3 From World Air Quality Index https://waqi.info/

Influence to UB citizens The atmospheric pollution in winter is one of the most serious environmental problems that threaten the public health of citizen, and effect on the infant mortality in recent 10-15 years (Oyunchimeg et al., 2005). 29% of cardiopulmonary deaths and 40% of lung cancer deaths in the city are attributable to outdoor air pollution（Allen et al., Demonstration held in Sükhbaatar Square by UB citizens, on January 13, 2018 Demonstration held in Sükhbaatar Square by UB citizens, on December 26, 2016 2013). 7

Central Ger District 2638.1ha Ger districts around the urban area of UB 39955 households 150469 people Middle Ger District 5802.5ha 47721 households 161630 people Fringe Ger District 11474.9ha 52060 households 229900 people Modified from Ts.Enkhbayar 2014

Topography and geographical location

Clear atmosphere above the inversion layer 10 Photo from Musings in Mongolia, http://drvalfarmer.blogspot.jp/2013/11/

Research propose  Main purpose of my research will be focused on how to do urban planning including air pollution reduction management based on scientific research results.

Used data Meteorological data, 2014-2016 (I, II, XI, XII ) 5 station Air temperature, °C Air maximum temperature, °C Air minimum temperature, °C Air pressure, gPa Wind speed, m/s Wind direction, % Radiosonde data, 2014-2016 (I, II, XI, XII ) 1 station Air quality data, 2014-2016 (I, II, XI, XII ) 10 station  Pm 10, µg/m³

Result According to Mori et al. 2012, The concentration of Correlation coefficient UB-1 UB-2 UB-4 UB-5 UB-7 UB-8 AQMS-1 AQMS-2 AQMS-3 AQMS-4 At -0.49 -0.06 -0.18 0.10 -0.41 -0.37 -0.35 -0.59 Amax -0.42 0.08 0.09 0.34 -0.03 -0.10 0.01 -0.14 Amin -0.56 -0.22 0.02 -0.53 -0.43 -0.47 -0.58 RH% -0.26 -0.32 -0.27 -0.17 -0.19 -0.30 -0.29 0.00 P 0.45 0.21 0.35 0.19 0.33 According to Mori et al. Janaury Ws -0.28 -0.62 -0.61 -0.40 -0.50 -0.21 Ws8 0.17 -0.51 -0.60 -0.73 -0.65 -0.54 WsMax -0.11 -0.67 -0.72 -0.69 -0.63 -0.68 2012, The concentration of Degree 0.87 0.37 0.61 0.62 0.42 0.53 0.32 Thickness 0.38 -0.01 -0.16 -0.05 PM has a significant Intensity 0.15 0.71 0.70 0.82 0.58 0.55 0.69 0.49 count 17 22 30 29 24 31 0.16 0.18 0.07 0.05 negative correlation with 0.39 0.40 0.22 0.27 0.06 0.03 -0.13 -0.15 the wind velocity during 0.12 0.30 0.13 0.20 -0.08 UB’s winter. Febraury -0.48 -0.24 -0.36 -0.45 -0.55 -0.31 -0.44 -0.57 -0.39 -0.25 0.51 -0.09 0.48 0.57 0.11 -0.07 0.50 0.44 0.41 28 16 26 November -0.20 0.14 0.67 0.46 0.56 -0.64 -0.38 -0.33 -0.02 -0.23 -0.12 0.28 0.36 -0.04 25 10 December -0.52 -0.80 -0.78 -0.34 -0.66 0.65 0.64 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.31 0.25 0.24 27 21 8

Inversion Intensity, °C/m 0.00905 0.01178 0.00857 0.00846 UB4 UB5 450 1200 R= 0.569 ( P value < 0.01 ) 400 R= 0.608 ( P value < 0.01 ) 1000 350 Pm10, µg/m³ 300 Pm10, µg/m³ 800 250 600 200 150 400 100 200 50 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 Inversion intensity, °C/m 0.025 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 Inversion intensity, °C/m 0.025 November December January February Inversion Degree, °C 2.3 3.2 2.4 2.5 Inversion Thickness, m 296.1 288.3 306.7 272.2 Inversion Intensity, °C/m 0.00905 0.01178 0.00857 0.00846 Surface wind speed, m/s 1.2 0.6 1.0 Pm 10, µg/m³ 110.3 123.2 195.9 167.7 Air quality standard, µg/m³ 100

St2 St1 St4 St3 Source: Mongolian statistical information service, 2014

Future work Plan To do geospatial analysis by ArcGIS ( Suitable, Cluster and Network ) To analyze results specially air pollution transport To prepare recommendation for decision makers how to use results for urban planning.

Thank you very much for your attention