A: Pharmacokinetic (plasma insulin concentration) response to administration of an oral insulin formulation (uninterrupted line) and subcutaneous regular.

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A: Pharmacokinetic (plasma insulin concentration) response to administration of an oral insulin formulation (uninterrupted line) and subcutaneous regular human insulin (dotted line) at time = 0 h. A: Pharmacokinetic (plasma insulin concentration) response to administration of an oral insulin formulation (uninterrupted line) and subcutaneous regular human insulin (dotted line) at time = 0 h. Plasma insulin concentrations are presented as means ± SEM. AUCINS(0−1h): 2,559 ± 1,831 vs. 542 ± 296 μU · min−1 · ml−1, P < 0.05, AUCINS(0−6h): 3,225 ± 2,320 vs. 7,004 ± 2,440 μU · min−1 · ml−1, P < 0.05. B: Pharmacodynamic (GIR) response. GIRs are given for mean raw (thin line) and smoothed (bold line) data. AUCGIR(0−1h): 173 ± 86 vs. 27 ± 32 mg/kg, P < 0.05. AUCGIR(0−2h): 297 ± 143 vs. 137 ± 107 mg/kg, P < 0.05. AUCGIR(0−6h): (374 ± 135 vs. 651 ± 380 mg/kg). TGIRmax: 40 ± 16 vs. 255 ± 108 min, P < 0.05. TGIR-50%-early: 13 ± 6 vs. 150 ± 87 min, P < 0.05. TGIR-50%-late: 115 ± 79 vs. >360 min, P < 0.05. GIRmax: 4.4 ± 2.2 vs. 3.6 ± 1.8 mg · kg−1 · min−1. sc, subcutaneous. Christoph Kapitza et al. Dia Care 2010;33:1288-1290 ©2010 by American Diabetes Association