& levels of organization Biochemistry & levels of organization

Levels of Organization Sub-atomic particles …….put together make Atoms……………………….. .put together make Molecules (monomers) …put together make Macromolecules (polymers) ….................................................... put together make Organelles & Cell parts … put together make Cells (smallest unit of life)

Sub-atomic Particles Sub = smaller or under Atomic = atom Protons (+) --------------------------------------------------------- Protons (+) Neutrons (o) Electrons (-)

Atoms Nucleus = protons & neutrons in center of atom Electron Cloud = area around nucleus where electrons move about

Atoms The number of protons in an atom determines the Element The most common elements in living things are: C H N O P S

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur Elements we need in only very small amounts are called Trace elements

Carbon Based Life Forms Life on earth is carbon-based Carbon atoms have unique properties that enable the construction of the VERY large molecules needed for life. Carbon forms the framework for Macromolecules

Carbon Atoms: Can bond to 4 other atoms Form short strong bonds Can make double bonds Can form long chains and rings

Monomers Single molecules that make up all living things 1) monosaccharides = single sugars 2) glycerol – alcohol used to connect things 3) fatty acids – make 4) amino acids - make 5) Nucleotides – found in - make

Polymers Also called macromolecules in Bio Made of many small molecules (monomers)

Nucleus Function of Nucleus – control the cell Polymers – nucleic acids DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid genetic code – always stays in nucleus stores instructions on running the cell broken up into strands called chromosomes all chromosomes together called chromatin RNA – ribonucleic acid carries directions from nucleus out to cell exits through nuclear pores

nucleolus Area of nucleus where ribosome parts are made. The Ribosome subunits are made of RNA Looks like a dark spot inside nucleus

Nucleic Acids are made of: Chains of Monomers called Nucleotides each nucleotide has 3 parts 1) a phosphate 2) a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) 3) a nitrogen containing base

Cell Wall Function – Protect cell from physical damage Description – hard outer shell - has holes to let things in/out * carbon dioxide & oxygen * water & nutrients Polymer – Polysaccharide called Cellulose

Polysaccharides are made of: Chains of Monomers called monosaccharides Glucose is the monosaccharide that makes up cellulose

Carbohydrates (Carbs) carbohydrates = made of only C, H, O carbon + water If any other element is present the molecule is NOT a carbohydrate monosaccharides & polysaccharides are Carbs.

Carbohydrate examples: Monosaccharides :Glucose and Fructose Disaccharide: Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose+fructose Polysaccharides: Starch – chains of glucose made by plants to store energy Glycogen - chains of glucose made by animals to store energy Cellulose – chains of glucose makes up cell wall = fiber in our diet

Cell Membrane Function – determines what gets into/out of cell Description – flexible lining - inside cell wall of plant like liner - holds liquid in animal cell like water balloon Macromolecule- Lipids

Lipids Macromolecules that do not mix with water Called water fearing – hydrophobic Cell membrane are phospholipids Steroid hormones are lipids Fats & oils are lipids used to store energy *** long term storage*** Fats = saturated and solid too much => heart disease Oils = unsaturated and liquid

Lipid Nutrition Facts Fatty acid saturated Good in reasonable amounts Solid animal fats Butter, steak fat, lard, bacon grease unsaturated Best Liquid oils Vegetable oil, fish oil Partially hydrogenated BAD Soft solid oil = trans fats Most margarine, Crisco, some frying oil Omega 3 Good bsc we don’t get enough of it oil Fish, seafood, olive oil, walnuts, grass fed beef

Fats & Oils are made of One glycerol monomer + 3 fatty acid monomers Called triglycerides

Oils have unsaturated fatty acids Don’t pack well = liquid

Phospholipids A) Made of glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate -Phosphate head is hydrophilic (water loving) -Hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic B) Makes up cell membranes

Ribosomes Function – make proteins Description – tiny spheres - float in cytoplasm - stuck to membrane called ER

Ribosome Macromolecules Ribosomes have 2 parts (subunits) RNA subunit made in nucleolus Protein subunit

Proteins Make up muscle Found in meat Made of monomers called amino acids Chains of amino acids fold into 3-D shapes

Amino Acids Monomers that make up proteins Humans have 20 different kinds Some are essential must eat them in our diet can’t make them in our cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane system makes tunnels through cell Rough E.R. has ribosomes stuck to it Smooth E.R. no ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions Rough – helps fold proteins into 3-D shape Smooth – detoxifies drugs/toxins Macromolecules: made of membrane so… mostly phospholipids