The expression of d-GM3 facilitates melanoma cell migration and invasion by activating p38 MAPK, not ERK. A, cell migration and invasion in d-GM3–positive.

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The expression of d-GM3 facilitates melanoma cell migration and invasion by activating p38 MAPK, not ERK. A, cell migration and invasion in d-GM3–positive C8161 cells, d-GM3–null A375P cells, and d-GM3–positive SKMEL-28 cells with overexpressed GM3S were co... The expression of d-GM3 facilitates melanoma cell migration and invasion by activating p38 MAPK, not ERK. A, cell migration and invasion in d-GM3–positive C8161 cells, d-GM3–null A375P cells, and d-GM3–positive SKMEL-28 cells with overexpressed GM3S were compared by chemotaxis Transwell migration assay and Matrigel invasion assay, respectively. Cells plated on the top chamber were allowed to migrate for 18 hours or invade for 48 hours at 37°C in the presence of 5 μg/mL mitomycin C. Cells that migrated or invaded into the bottom level were collected and counted. Results are presented as mean ± SD from 3 different experiments with triplicate wells per experiment. **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. All experiments were conducted at least 4 times; B, kinase activity ELISA was conducted to examine the activity of p38 MAPK and ERK in d-GM3–positive C8161 cells and SKMEL-28 cells. In C8161 cells, d-GM3 function was blocked by DH5 antibody or knockdown of GM3S by GM3S shRNA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) as described in Materials and Methods section. In SKMEL-28 cells, d-GM3 expression was either increased by overexpression of GM3S cDNA or decreased by knockdown of GM3S with its shRNA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Small-molecule inhibitors, SB202190 and PD98059, were used as controls for p38 MAPK and ERK. *, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.001. All experiments were carried out with triplicate wells per condition each time for 3 different times; C, gelatin zymography and immunoblotting were conducted to examine the influence of inhibition of p38 MAPK (SB202190 and SB203580) and ERK (PD98059) on MMP-2 expression and activation in d-GM3–positive C8161 cells. Presented images are the representative images from 3 different experiments. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide. Qiu Yan et al. Mol Cancer Res 2013;11:665-675 ©2013 by American Association for Cancer Research